Gruzelier John
Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, Lewisham Way, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
Cogn Process. 2009 Feb;10 Suppl 1:S101-9. doi: 10.1007/s10339-008-0248-5. Epub 2008 Dec 11.
Professionally significant enhancement of music and dance performance and mood has followed training with an EEG-neurofeedback protocol which increases the ratio of theta to alpha waves using auditory feedback with eyes closed. While originally the protocol was designed to induce hypnogogia, a state historically associated with creativity, the outcome was psychological integration, while subsequent applications focusing on raising the theta-alpha ratio, reduced depression and anxiety in alcoholism and resolved post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). In optimal performance studies we confirmed associations with creativity in musical performance, but effects also included technique and communication. We extended efficacy to dance and social anxiety. Diversity of outcome has a counterpart in wide ranging associations between theta oscillations and behaviour in cognitive and affective neuroscience: in animals with sensory-motor activity in exploration, effort, working memory, learning, retention and REM sleep; in man with meditative concentration, reduced anxiety and sympathetic autonomic activation, as well as task demands in virtual spatial navigation, focussed and sustained attention, working and recognition memory, and having implications for synaptic plasticity and long term potentiation. Neuroanatomical circuitry involves the ascending mescencephalic-cortical arousal system, and limbic circuits subserving cognitive as well as affective/motivational functions. Working memory and meditative bliss, representing cognitive and affective domains, respectively, involve coupling between frontal and posterior cortices, exemplify a role for theta and alpha waves in mediating the interaction between distal and widely distributed connections. It is posited that this mediation in part underpins the integrational attributes of alpha-theta training in optimal performance and psychotherapy, creative associations in hypnogogia, and enhancement of technical, communication and artistic domains of performance in the arts.
通过一种脑电图神经反馈方案进行训练后，音乐和舞蹈表演以及情绪在职业层面上有了显著提升。该方案在闭眼状态下利用听觉反馈来提高θ波与α波的比例。虽然最初该方案旨在诱发半睡状态，一种历史上与创造力相关的状态，但其结果却是心理整合，而随后专注于提高θ-α比例的应用，则减轻了酒精中毒患者的抑郁和焦虑，并解决了创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。在最佳表现研究中，我们证实了与音乐表演中的创造力有关联，但效果还包括技巧和交流。我们将疗效扩展到了舞蹈和社交焦虑方面。结果的多样性与认知和情感神经科学中θ振荡与行为之间广泛的关联相对应：在动物中，与探索、努力、工作记忆、学习、记忆保持和快速眼动睡眠中的感觉运动活动有关；在人类中，与冥想专注、焦虑减轻和交感自主激活有关，以及与虚拟空间导航中的任务需求、集中和持续注意力、工作和识别记忆有关，并且对突触可塑性和长时程增强有影响。神经解剖学回路涉及中脑-皮质上行唤醒系统，以及支持认知和情感/动机功能的边缘回路。分别代表认知和情感领域的工作记忆和冥想极乐状态，涉及额叶和后皮质之间的耦合，例证了θ波和α波在介导远端和广泛分布的连接之间相互作用中的作用。据推测，这种介导部分地支撑了α-θ训练在最佳表现和心理治疗中的整合属性、半睡状态下的创造性关联，以及艺术表演中技巧、交流和艺术领域的提升。
