van Meijl Leonie E C, Vrolix Ruth, Mensink Ronald P
Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Nutr Res Rev. 2008 Dec;21(2):148-57. doi: 10.1017/S0954422408116997.
The metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD. Epidemiological studies have now suggested protective effects of dairy product consumption on the development of this syndrome. Here we review the physiological effects and possible mechanisms involved of three main dairy constituents (Ca, protein, fat) on important components of the metabolic syndrome. Ca supplements improve the serum lipoprotein profile, particularly by decreasing serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. They also lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Insufficient evidence exists for a significant role of Ca supplements or dairy in body-weight management. Effects of Ca may be related to intestinal binding to fatty acids or bile acids, or to changes in intracellular Ca metabolism by suppressing calciotropic hormones. Dietary proteins may increase satiety in both the short and longer term, which may result in a reduced energy intake. They have also been reported to improve the serum lipoprotein profile as compared with carbohydrates. Dairy proteins are precursors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides, which may lower blood pressure. Such effects, however, have inconsistently been reported in human studies. Finally, conjugated linoleic acid, which effectively lowers body weight in animals, has no such effect in humans in the quantities provided by dairy products. To reduce the intake of SFA, the consumption of low-fat instead of high-fat dairy products is recommended. In conclusion, more research is warranted to better understand the physiological effects and the mechanisms involved of dairy products in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
代谢综合征是2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的重要危险因素。流行病学研究现已表明，食用乳制品对该综合征的发生具有保护作用。在此，我们综述了三种主要乳制品成分（钙、蛋白质、脂肪）对代谢综合征重要组分的生理作用及可能机制。钙补充剂可改善血清脂蛋白谱，特别是通过降低血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度。它们还能降低收缩压和舒张压。关于钙补充剂或乳制品在体重管理方面发挥显著作用的证据不足。钙的作用可能与肠道对脂肪酸或胆汁酸的结合有关，或与通过抑制钙调节激素引起的细胞内钙代谢变化有关。膳食蛋白质在短期和长期都可能增加饱腹感，这可能导致能量摄入减少。与碳水化合物相比，它们也被报道可改善血清脂蛋白谱。乳蛋白是血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽的前体，可能会降低血压。然而，此类作用在人体研究中的报道并不一致。最后，共轭亚油酸在动物体内可有效降低体重，但在人类中，乳制品提供的量并无此作用。为减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入，建议食用低脂而非高脂乳制品。总之，有必要进行更多研究，以更好地了解乳制品在预防和治疗代谢综合征中的生理作用及相关机制。
