Joshi Amit, Kaur Sukhbir, Taneja Satish Kumar, Mandal Reshu
PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India.
Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, UT, India.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Apr;202(4):1477-1502. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03784-z. Epub 2023 Jul 31.
Hypertension (HT) is a medical condition arising due to increase in blood pressure (BP) prevalent worldwide. The balanced dietary intakes of macro-elements and micro-elements including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu have been described to maintain BP in humans by regulating the osmolarity of blood, cells/tissues, prevention of generation of oxidative and nitrosative stress (OANS), and endothelial damage through their functioning as important components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), antioxidant enzyme defense system, and maintenance of blood vascular-endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions. However, inadequate/excess dietary intakes of Na/K, Ca/Mg, and Zn/Cu along with higher Pb and As exposures recognized to induce HT through common mechanisms including the followings: endothelial dysfunctions due to impairment of vasodilatation, increased vasoconstriction and arterial stiffness, blood clotting, inflammation, modification of sympathetic activity and higher catecholamine release, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output; increased OANS due to reduced and elevated activities of extracellular superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase, less nitric oxide bioavailability, decrease in cGMP and guanylate cyclase activity, increase in intracellular Ca ions in VSMCs, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines; higher parathyroid and calcitriol hormones; activation/suppression of RAAS resulting imbalance in blood Na, K, and water regulated by renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone through affecting natriuresis/kaliuresis/diuresis; elevation in serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, decrease in HDL cholesterol due to defect in lipoprotein metabolism. The present study recommends the need to review simple dietary mineral intervention studies/supplementation trials before keeping their individual dietary excess intakes/exposures in consideration because their interactions lead to elevation and fall of their concentrations in body affecting onset of HT.
高血压（HT）是一种因血压（BP）升高而引发的病症，在全球范围内普遍存在。据描述，包括钠（Na）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、锌（Zn）和铜（Cu）在内的常量元素和微量元素的均衡饮食摄入，通过调节血液、细胞/组织的渗透压，预防氧化应激和亚硝化应激（OANS）的产生，以及作为肾素 - 血管紧张素 - 醛固酮系统（RAAS）、抗氧化酶防御系统的重要组成部分并维持血管内皮和平滑肌细胞（VSMC）功能，来维持人体血压。然而，钠/钾、钙/镁和锌/铜的饮食摄入不足/过量，以及较高的铅（Pb）和砷（As）暴露，被认为通过以下共同机制诱发高血压：血管舒张功能受损导致内皮功能障碍、血管收缩增加和动脉僵硬度增加、血液凝固、炎症、交感神经活动改变和儿茶酚胺释放增加、外周血管阻力增加和心输出量增加；细胞外超氧化物歧化酶和NAD（P）H氧化酶活性降低和升高导致OANS增加、一氧化氮生物利用度降低、环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）和鸟苷酸环化酶活性降低、VSMC细胞内钙离子增加以及促炎细胞因子增加；甲状旁腺激素和骨化三醇激素水平升高；RAAS的激活/抑制导致肾素、血管紧张素II和醛固酮调节的血液钠、钾和水失衡，影响尿钠排泄/尿钾排泄/利尿；血清胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高，由于脂蛋白代谢缺陷导致高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低。本研究建议，在考虑个体饮食过量摄入/暴露之前，有必要回顾简单的饮食矿物质干预研究/补充试验，因为它们之间的相互作用会导致体内浓度升高和降低，影响高血压的发病。
