Washburn J O, Anderson J R, Mercer D R
Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
J Invertebr Pathol. 1991 Jul;58(1):67-74. doi: 10.1016/0022-2011(91)90163-k.
Host-parasite interactions between Lambornella clarki (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae) and its natural host, Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae), were studied in newly flooded treeholes in northern California between 1986 and 1989. First instar host larvae hatched within 1 to 4 hr of flooding, while free-living trophonts of L. clarki appeared between 7 and 24 hr. As early as 24 hr after flooding, ciliates initiated the first parasite cycle by forming cuticular cysts on first instar larvae; by 64 hr, cysts were observed on larvae collected from all positive holes during all years. While larvae with as many as 12 cysts were observed, most supported only 1 cyst, and successful infections were established by the entry of a single ciliate into the host's hemocoel. Among treehole populations, the proportion of larvae with L. clarki cysts ranged from 2 to 100% at 48 hr indicating that enzootics and epizootics develop rapidly in newly flooded treeholes. Average attack rates from all holes by year ranged between 17.0 and 44.4%. Ciliates began entering hosts 48 to 72 hr after flooding, but some larvae escaped parasitization by molting to the second instar before ciliates penetrated the cuticle. In some treeholes, opportunistic microorganisms entered larvae with the invading ciliates and killed both the host and parasite.
1986年至1989年间，在加利福尼亚北部新被淹没的树洞中，研究了克拉克兰氏虫（纤毛虫纲：四膜虫科）与其天然宿主雪伦伊蚊（双翅目：蚊科）之间的宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用。宿主一龄幼虫在洪水淹没后的1至4小时内孵化，而自由生活的克拉克兰氏虫滋养体在7至24小时之间出现。早在洪水淹没后24小时，纤毛虫就在一龄幼虫上形成表皮囊肿，启动了第一个寄生虫周期；到64小时时，在所有年份从所有阳性树洞收集的幼虫上都观察到了囊肿。虽然观察到有多达12个囊肿的幼虫，但大多数幼虫仅附着1个囊肿，并且单个纤毛虫进入宿主血腔就建立了成功的感染。在树洞种群中，48小时时带有克拉克兰氏虫囊肿的幼虫比例在2%至100%之间，这表明在新被淹没的树洞中，动物流行病和 epizootics 发展迅速。每年所有树洞的平均感染率在17.0%至44.4%之间。纤毛虫在洪水淹没后48至72小时开始进入宿主，但一些幼虫在纤毛虫穿透表皮之前蜕皮至二龄，从而逃脱了寄生。在一些树洞中，机会性微生物随着入侵的纤毛虫进入幼虫体内，杀死了宿主和寄生虫。
