Laming Donald
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
Psychol Rev. 2009 Jan;116(1):157-86. doi: 10.1037/a0014150.
Mathematical analysis shows that if the pattern of rehearsal in free-recall experiments (of necessity, the pattern observed when participants rehearse aloud) be continued without any further interruption by stimuli (as happens during recall), it terminates with the retrieval of the same 1 word over and over again. Such a terminal state is commonly reached before some of the words in the list have been retrieved even once; those words are not recalled. The 1 minute frequently allowed for recall in free-recall experiments is ample time for retrieval to seize up in this way. The author proposes a model that represents the essential features of the pattern of rehearsal; validates that model by reference to the overt rehearsal data from B. B. Murdock, Jr., and J. Metcalfe (1978) and the recall data from B. B. Murdock, Jr., and R. Okada (1970); demonstrates the long-term properties of continued sequences of retrievals and, also, a fundamental relation linking recall to the total time of presentation; and, finally, compares failure to recall in free-recall experiments with forgetting in general.
数学分析表明，如果在自由回忆实验中的复述模式（必然是参与者大声复述时所观察到的模式）在没有任何进一步的刺激干扰（如同回忆过程中那样）的情况下持续下去，它最终会反复检索出同一个单词。在列表中的一些单词甚至还未被检索过一次之前，通常就会达到这样一种终止状态；那些单词就不会被回忆起来。自由回忆实验中通常允许的1分钟回忆时间，足以让检索以这种方式陷入停顿。作者提出了一个模型，该模型代表了复述模式的基本特征；通过参考小B. B. 默多克和J. 梅特卡夫（1978年）的公开复述数据以及小B. B. 默多克和R. 冈田（1970年）的回忆数据来验证该模型；展示了连续检索序列的长期特性，以及将回忆与呈现的总时间联系起来的一个基本关系；最后，将自由回忆实验中的未能回忆与一般的遗忘进行比较。
