Tai Kelly, Blain Stefanie, Chau Tom
Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Assist Technol. 2008 Winter;20(4):204-19; quiz 220-1. doi: 10.1080/10400435.2008.10131947.
Research and development in the field of access technologies for individuals with severe motor impairments has accelerated over the past 10 years. Many emergent alternatives to conventional mechanical switches, such as infrared sensing, electromyography, oculography, and computer vision, have been investigated for those retaining some limited volitional motor ability. At the same time, electroencephalography, electrocorticography, intracortical recordings, and electrodermal activity have been explored for those presenting as locked in. The relevant literature is scattered across many disciplines, obfuscating the strength of the clinical evidence in support of the different access technologies currently in development. This article systematically organizes the literature on the aforementioned access technologies, summarizing their underlying operational mechanisms while reviewing the clinical evidence reported between 1996 and 2006. Research evidence within this period is generally found to be at the case study or uncontrolled study level, with very modest sample sizes. Novel mechanical switches and electroencephalography-based access systems dominate the literature, whereas many other movement-based access modalities have emerged with promising early findings. Access methods for those without extant physical movement constitute a critical direction for future and ongoing research efforts.
在过去10年里，针对严重运动障碍患者的接入技术领域的研发加速推进。对于仍保留一定有限自主运动能力的患者，人们研究了许多传统机械开关的新兴替代方案，如红外传感、肌电图、眼动图和计算机视觉。与此同时，对于那些呈现闭锁状态的患者，人们探索了脑电图、皮层电图、皮层内记录和皮肤电活动。相关文献分散在许多学科中，模糊了支持当前正在开发的不同接入技术的临床证据的力度。本文系统地整理了关于上述接入技术的文献，总结了它们的潜在运行机制，同时回顾了1996年至2006年期间报告的临床证据。在此期间的研究证据一般处于案例研究或非对照研究水平，样本量非常小。新型机械开关和基于脑电图的接入系统在文献中占主导地位，而许多其他基于运动的接入方式也已出现，早期结果很有前景。针对那些没有现存身体运动的患者的接入方法是未来和正在进行的研究工作的一个关键方向。
