Solomon Paul A, Hopke Philip K, Froines John, Scheffe Richard
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2008;58(13 Suppl):S3-92.
In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a major air quality program known as the Particulate Matter (PM) Supersites Program. The Supersites Program was a multiyear, $27 million air quality monitoring program consisting of eight regional air quality projects located throughout the United States, each with differing atmospheric pollution conditions resulting from variations in source emissions and meteorology. The overall goal of the program was to elucidate source-receptor relationships and atmospheric processes leading to PM accumulation on urban and regional scales; thus providing the scientific underpinning for modeling and data analysis efforts to support State Implementation Plans and more effective risk management approaches for PM. The program had three main objectives: (1) conduct methods development and evaluation, (2) characterize ambient PM, and (3) support health effects and exposure research. This paper provides a synthesis of key scientific findings from the Supersites Program and related studies. EPA developed 16 science/policy-relevant questions in conjunction with state and other federal agencies, Regional Planning Organizations, and the private sector. These questions were addressed to the extent possible, even given the vast amount of new information available from the Supersites Program, in a series of papers published as a special issue of the Journal of Air & Waste Management Association (February 2008). This synthesis also includes discussions of: (1) initial Supersites Program support for air quality management efforts in specific locations throughout the United States; (2) selected policy-relevant insights, based on atmospheric sciences findings, useful to air quality managers and decision makers planning emissions management strategies to address current and future PM National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and network planning and implementation; (3) selected health-relevant insights interpreted from atmospheric sciences findings in light of future directions for health and exposure scientists planning studies of the effects of PM on human health; and (4) selected knowledge gaps to guide future research. Finally, given the scope and depth of research and findings from the Supersites Program, this paper provides a reference source so readers can glean a general understanding of the overall research conducted and its policy-relevant insights. Supporting details for the results presented are available through the cited references. An annotated table of contents allows readers to easily find specific subject matter within the text.
1998年，美国环境保护局（EPA）启动了一项名为颗粒物（PM）超级站点计划的重大空气质量计划。超级站点计划是一项为期多年、耗资2700万美元的空气质量监测计划，由分布在美国各地的八个区域空气质量项目组成，每个项目因源排放和气象条件的差异而具有不同的大气污染状况。该计划的总体目标是阐明源-受体关系以及导致城市和区域尺度上PM积累的大气过程；从而为支持州实施计划以及更有效的PM风险管理方法的建模和数据分析工作提供科学依据。该计划有三个主要目标：（1）开展方法开发和评估，（2）表征环境PM，（3）支持健康影响和暴露研究。本文对超级站点计划及相关研究的关键科学发现进行了综合。EPA与州和其他联邦机构、区域规划组织以及私营部门共同提出了16个与科学/政策相关的问题。这些问题在《空气与废弃物管理协会杂志》（2008年2月）特刊发表的一系列论文中得到了尽可能的解答，即便考虑到超级站点计划提供的大量新信息。本综合报告还包括以下讨论内容：（1）超级站点计划对美国各地特定地点空气质量管理工作的初步支持；（2）基于大气科学研究结果的、对空气质量管理人员和决策者规划排放管理策略以满足当前和未来PM国家环境空气质量标准（NAAQS）以及网络规划与实施有用的选定政策相关见解；（3）根据大气科学研究结果、结合健康与暴露科学家规划PM对人类健康影响研究未来方向所解读的选定健康相关见解；（4）指导未来研究的选定知识空白。最后，鉴于超级站点计划研究的范围和深度，本文提供了一个参考来源，以便读者能大致了解所开展的整体研究及其与政策相关的见解。文中呈现结果的支持细节可通过引用的参考文献获取。带注释的目录使读者能够轻松在文本中找到特定主题。
