Rust Daniel W, Bianchi Diana W
Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Endocr Pathol. 2009 Spring;20(1):11-6. doi: 10.1007/s12022-009-9064-4.
Chimerism in an individual refers to the coexistence of cells arising from two distinct organisms. It can arise iatrogenically via transplant or blood transfusion, and physiologically via twin to twin transfer, or from trafficking between mother and fetus during pregnancy. Many of the diseases associated with microchimerism affect the endocrine system (e.g., autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus type 1). Microchimerism is relevant to endocrine pathology because (a) it is associated with pregnancy, a condition of complex endocrine physiology; (b) materno-fetal and feto-maternal cellular migration must involve the placenta, itself an endocrine organ; and (c) in some species, chimerism results in states of intersexuality, a condition intimately involved with endocrine physiology. Studies of feto-maternal microchimerism in the thyroid have documented the presence of fetal cells in association with Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves' disease, thyroid adenoma, and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Studies of materno-fetal microchimerism have documented the presence of maternal cells in juvenile diabetes and other pediatric conditions. Microchimerism plays a potential role in the repair of diseased thyroid and pancreatic tissues.
个体中的嵌合体是指来自两个不同生物体的细胞共存。它可通过移植或输血医源性产生，也可通过双胎间细胞转移或孕期母胎间细胞交换生理地产生。许多与微嵌合体相关的疾病会影响内分泌系统（如自身免疫性甲状腺疾病和1型糖尿病）。微嵌合体与内分泌病理学相关，原因如下：（a）它与妊娠相关，而妊娠是一种内分泌生理复杂的状态；（b）母胎和胎母细胞迁移必定涉及胎盘，而胎盘本身就是一个内分泌器官；（c）在某些物种中，嵌合体会导致雌雄间性状态，这是一种与内分泌生理密切相关的情况。对甲状腺中胎母微嵌合体的研究已证明，胎儿细胞与桥本甲状腺炎、格雷夫斯病、甲状腺腺瘤和甲状腺乳头状癌有关。对母胎微嵌合体的研究已证明，母体细胞与青少年糖尿病及其他儿科疾病有关。微嵌合体在患病甲状腺和胰腺组织的修复中可能发挥作用。
