Robertson Eileen, Pyne David, Hopkins Will, Anson Judith
Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.
J Sports Sci. 2009 Feb 15;27(4):387-95. doi: 10.1080/02640410802641400.
Swimming performances were analysed for the top 16 finishers (semi-finalists, finalists) in nine international competitions over a 7-year period (1530 males, 1527 female). Total race time and intermediate lap times were log-transformed and analysed for effects of sex (male, female), stroke (freestyle, form strokes, individual medley), event (100, 200, and 400 m), and place (1-16). Between-athlete correlations characterized the relationship of each lap to final time, and within-athlete estimates quantified the effect of lap time on improvements in final time. Finalists exhibited very large correlations (r = 0.7-0.9) with final time in the second 50-m lap of 100-m events and the middle two 50-m and 100-m laps of 200-m and 400-m events respectively. For an individual swimmer, an achievable change in lap time was associated with an approximate 0.4-0.8% improvement in final time for finalists and an approximate 0.5-1.1% improvement in final time for semi-finalists, depending on sex, stroke, and event. The pattern of lap times was similar for the top 16 swimmers and between the best and worst swims for finalists. These findings indicate that substantial improvements can be made via the final lap in sprints and the middle two laps of 200- to 400-m events, but the overall pattern of lap times should not be changed.
对7年期间9场国际比赛中排名前16的选手（半决赛选手、决赛选手）的游泳成绩进行了分析（男性1530名，女性1527名）。对总比赛时间和中间各圈时间进行对数转换，并分析性别（男、女）、泳姿（自由泳、其他泳姿、个人混合泳）、项目（100米、200米和400米）和名次（1 - 16名）的影响。运动员之间的相关性表征了每一圈与决赛成绩的关系，而运动员内部的估计量化了每圈时间对决赛成绩提高的影响。在100米项目的第二个50米圈以及200米和400米项目中间的两个50米和100米圈中，决赛选手与决赛成绩的相关性非常高（r = 0.7 - 0.9）。对于一名游泳运动员个人而言，根据性别、泳姿和项目的不同，决赛选手每圈时间可实现的变化与决赛成绩大约提高0.4 - 0.8%相关，半决赛选手则与决赛成绩大约提高0.5 - 1.1%相关。排名前16的游泳选手的每圈时间模式相似，决赛选手中最好和最差成绩的每圈时间模式也相似。这些发现表明，在短跑项目的最后一圈以及200米至400米项目的中间两圈可以实现大幅提高，但每圈时间的总体模式不应改变。
