Gao Qing, He Zhanyang, Liu Gongju, Jin Xun, Zhu Houwei
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sports Science, General Administration of Sport, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jun 3;15(1):19394. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-02814-1.
The 100 m freestyle is a key event in competitive swimming, where marginal gains across race phases-start, clean swim, turn, and finish-are vital for elite performance. However, sex-specific biomechanical contributions remain underexplored, especially in underwater breakout strategies. This study identifies phase-specific performance determinants, emphasizing sex-stratified correlations and practical insights for optimizing elite-level outcomes. High-speed video analysis and official race data from 59 elite swimmers (29 males and 30 females, including Olympic medalists) were utilized. Spatiotemporal variables and stroke efficiency metrics were collected for each phase. Pearson's correlation coefficients assessed relationships between race times and phase-specific variables, while repeated measures ANOVA evaluated stability. All clean swim spatiotemporal variables were highly associated with the final race time, especially the first lap (males: r = 0.806, p < 0.001; females: r = 0.850, p < 0.001). A robust start (males: r = 0.501, p = 0.006; females: r = 0.560, p = 0.001) and efficient turn (males: r = 0.588, p = 0.001; females: r = 0.592, p = 0.001) were also crucial, with underwater variables significantly contributing to a faster start and turn. Sex-specific differences in velocity for turn and finish strategies were identified. The study concludes that elite 100 m freestyle performance depends on explosive starts, sustained clean-swimming velocity, and efficient turns, with sex-specific adaptations in pacing and underwater strategy.
100米自由泳是竞技游泳中的一项关键赛事，在整个比赛阶段（出发、全程划水、转身和冲刺）中取得微小优势对于精英选手的出色表现至关重要。然而，特定性别的生物力学贡献仍未得到充分研究，尤其是在水下出发策略方面。本研究确定了各阶段的成绩决定因素，重点强调了性别分层相关性以及优化精英水平成绩的实用见解。我们使用了59名精英游泳运动员（29名男性和30名女性，包括奥运奖牌获得者）的高速视频分析和官方比赛数据。收集了每个阶段的时空变量和划水效率指标。皮尔逊相关系数评估比赛时间与各阶段特定变量之间的关系，而重复测量方差分析评估稳定性。所有全程划水时空变量都与最终比赛时间高度相关，尤其是第一圈（男性：r = 0.806，p < 0.001；女性：r = 0.850，p < 0.001）。有力的出发（男性：r = 0.501，p = 0.006；女性：r = 0.560，p = 0.001）和高效的转身（男性：r = 0.588，p = 0.001；女性：r = 0.592，p = 0.001）也至关重要，水下变量对更快的出发和转身有显著贡献。研究确定了转身和冲刺策略在速度方面的性别差异。该研究得出结论，精英100米自由泳成绩取决于爆发力强的出发、持续的全程划水速度和高效的转身，在节奏和水下策略方面存在特定性别的适应性。
