Waknine-Grinberg Judith Hannah, El-On Joseph, Barak Vivian, Barenholz Yechezkel, Golenser Jacob
Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91020 Jerusalem, Israel.
Planta Med. 2009 May;75(6):581-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1185357. Epub 2009 Feb 12.
A nontoxic dose of Sambucol, an immunomodulator commercially sold as an immune stimulator, was examined in murine models of leishmaniasis and malaria. Sambucol causes a shift in the immune response, as demonstrated in human monocyte cultures, to Th1 (inflammation-associated) responses. Treatment of leishmania-infected mice with Sambucol delayed the development of the disease. As there was no direct IN VITRO anti-leishmanial effect, the observed partial protection IN VIVO is most likely related to immune modulation. Although increased Th1 responses are associated with protection from leishmaniasis, they are considered to be the main immunopathological processes leading to cerebral malaria. Administration of Sambucol to mice prior to and following infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA increased the incidence of cerebral malaria, while administration of Sambucol after infection had no effect on the disease. The results demonstrate how an inflammatory-like response may alleviate or exacerbate clinical symptoms of disease and hint at the importance of administration timing. The overall effect of immunomodulator administration depends on the ongoing immune response and the Th1/Th2 balance determined by both host and parasite defense mechanisms.
一种名为黑接骨木果糖浆（Sambucol）的免疫调节剂，作为免疫刺激剂在市场上销售，其无毒剂量在利什曼病和疟疾的小鼠模型中进行了检测。如在人类单核细胞培养中所证实的那样，黑接骨木果糖浆会使免疫反应转向Th1（炎症相关）反应。用黑接骨木果糖浆治疗感染利什曼原虫的小鼠可延缓疾病的发展。由于在体外没有直接的抗利什曼原虫作用，因此在体内观察到的部分保护作用很可能与免疫调节有关。虽然Th1反应增强与预防利什曼病有关，但它们被认为是导致脑型疟疾的主要免疫病理过程。在感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA之前和之后给小鼠施用黑接骨木果糖浆会增加脑型疟疾的发病率，而在感染后施用黑接骨木果糖浆对疾病没有影响。结果表明，类似炎症的反应如何减轻或加重疾病的临床症状，并暗示了给药时间的重要性。施用免疫调节剂的总体效果取决于正在进行的免疫反应以及由宿主和寄生虫防御机制决定的Th1/Th2平衡。
