Cai Qian, Sheng Zu-Hang
Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Neuroscientist. 2009 Feb;15(1):78-89. doi: 10.1177/1073858408329511.
Proper synaptic function requires the seamless integration of the transport, assembly, and regulation of synaptic components and structures. Inasmuch as the synapse is often distant from the neuronal cell body, newly synthesized synaptic proteins, the precursors of synaptic vesicles, active zone compartments, channels and receptors, and mitochondria, must be transported along lengthy neuronal processes to participate in synaptogenesis. Neuronal transport is mediated by motor proteins that associate with their cargoes via adaptors (or receptors) and that travel along the cytoskeleton network within the neuronal processes. Thus, the identity of membranous protein cargoes and the specificity of motor-cargo interactions are critical for correctly targeting cargoes and properly assembling synapses in developing neurons and in remodeling synapses of mature neurons in response to neuronal activity. In this article, the authors review recent progress in characterizing microtubule- and actin-based motor proteins that are involved in delivering synaptic components and discuss potential mechanisms underlying the formation of motor-receptor-cargo complexes that contribute to synaptogenesis and activity-induced synaptic plasticity.
正常的突触功能需要突触成分和结构的运输、组装及调节的无缝整合。由于突触通常远离神经元细胞体，新合成的突触蛋白、突触小泡的前体、活性区隔室、通道和受体以及线粒体，必须沿着冗长的神经突运输，以参与突触形成。神经元运输由运动蛋白介导，这些运动蛋白通过衔接蛋白（或受体）与其货物结合，并沿着神经突内的细胞骨架网络移动。因此，膜蛋白货物的身份以及运动蛋白与货物相互作用的特异性对于在发育中的神经元中正确靶向货物以及在成熟神经元响应神经元活动重塑突触时正确组装突触至关重要。在本文中，作者回顾了在表征参与递送突触成分的基于微管和肌动蛋白的运动蛋白方面的最新进展，并讨论了有助于突触形成和活性诱导的突触可塑性的运动蛋白 - 受体 - 货物复合物形成的潜在机制。
