Collmann Hartmut
Neurochirurgische Univ.-Klinik, Würzburg.
Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt. 2008;27:63-92.
Georges Schaltenbrand was one of the most prodigious and internationally renowned neurologists in post war Germany. Trained by Max Nonne in Hamburg, he early gained international experience during stays in The Netherlands, the United States, and China. In 1935 quarrels with Nazi representatives forced him to go to Würzburg, where he built an own neurological service. This unit subsequently grew up to an internationally recognized center. Schaltenbrand scientifically contributed to the organization and diagnostics of the motor system, to the physiology and pathology of the cerebrospinal fluid system, and to multiple sclerosis. His textbook and atlas on stereotaxy, authored with his American friend Percival Bailey in 1959, remained a standard reference in stereotactic surgery until recent years. Only late after his death his unethical scientific activities during wartime came to common public knowledge. In an attempt to confirm his hypothesis of an infectious aetiology of multiple sclerosis, he had inoculated mentally handicapped and other severely ill patients with cerebrospinal fluid of apes putatively suffering from multiple sclerosis and also of patients with verified multiple sclerosis. He explicitly accepted the risk of causing some morbidity and even mortality in his study persons. He published his experiments in several articles and oral presentations since 1940, and, comprehensively, in a monograph 1943. Although commented as early as 1949, his dubious studies were widely ignored until a critical review appeared in an American journal in 1994. Since then, the studies are frequently cited as a typical example of Nazi medical science. However, with due regard to the historical background and the personality of Schaltenbrand his experiments should rather be brought into line with a worldwide practice at that time of using patients as study objects without asking for their consent. As a response to this practice several laws had been adopted, beginning in 1900, carried on in 1931 and culminating 1947 in the Nuremberg code. As a historical fact, not only before but also after World War II these legal acts were widely ignored and became only gradually accepted.
乔治·沙尔滕布兰德是战后德国最杰出且享誉国际的神经学家之一。他曾在汉堡跟随马克斯·诺内学习，早年在荷兰、美国和中国停留期间积累了国际经验。1935年，与纳粹代表的争吵迫使他前往维尔茨堡，在那里他建立了自己的神经科服务机构。该机构后来发展成为一个国际公认的中心。沙尔滕布兰德在运动系统的组织与诊断、脑脊液系统的生理学和病理学以及多发性硬化症方面做出了科学贡献。他与美国朋友珀西瓦尔·贝利在1959年合著的关于立体定向术的教科书和图谱，直到近年来一直是立体定向手术的标准参考文献。直到他去世后很久，他在战时的不道德科学活动才为公众所知。为了证实他关于多发性硬化症感染病因的假设，他用疑似患有多发性硬化症的猿类以及确诊患有多发性硬化症患者的脑脊液接种给智障和其他重症患者。他明确接受了在研究对象中造成一些发病甚至死亡的风险。自1940年以来，他在几篇文章和口头报告中发表了他的实验，并在1943年的一本专著中进行了全面阐述。尽管早在1949年就有人对此进行了评论，但他可疑的研究一直被广泛忽视，直到1994年美国一本杂志上出现了一篇批判性综述。从那时起，这些研究经常被作为纳粹医学的典型例子引用。然而，考虑到历史背景和沙尔滕布兰德的个性，他的实验更应该与当时全球将患者作为研究对象而不征求其同意的做法相符合。作为对这种做法的回应，从1900年开始陆续通过了几部法律，1931年继续推进，1947年以《纽伦堡法典》达到顶峰。作为一个历史事实，不仅在二战之前，而且在二战之后，这些法律行为都被广泛忽视，只是逐渐被接受。
