Diekelmann Susanne, Wilhelm Ines, Born Jan
University of Lübeck, Department of Neuroendocrinology, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Oct;13(5):309-21. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.08.002. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
Sleep benefits memory consolidation. The reviewed studies indicate that this consolidating effect is not revealed under all circumstances but is linked to specific psychological conditions. Specifically, we discuss to what extent memory consolidation during sleep depends on the type of learning materials, type of learning and retrieval test, different features of sleep and the subject population. Post-learning sleep enhances consolidation of declarative, procedural and emotional memories. The enhancement is greater for weakly than strongly encoded associations and more consistent for explicitly than implicitly encoded memories. Memories associated with expected reward gain preferentially access to sleep-dependent consolidation. For declarative memories, sleep benefits are more consistently revealed with recall than recognition procedures at retrieval testing. Slow wave sleep (SWS) particularly enhances declarative memories whereas rapid eye movement (REM) sleep preferentially supports procedural and emotional memory aspects. Declarative memory profits already from rather short sleep periods (1-2 h). Procedural memory profits seem more dose-dependent on the amount of sleep following the day after learning. Children's sleep with high amounts of SWS distinctly enhances declarative memories whereas elderly and psychiatric patients with disturbed sleep show impaired sleep-associated consolidation often of declarative memories. Based on the constellation of psychological conditions identified we hypothesize that access to sleep-dependent consolidation requires memories to be encoded under control of prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry, with the same circuitry controlling subsequent consolidation during sleep.
睡眠有益于记忆巩固。所综述的研究表明，这种巩固效应并非在所有情况下都能显现，而是与特定的心理条件相关。具体而言，我们将讨论睡眠期间的记忆巩固在多大程度上取决于学习材料的类型、学习和检索测试的类型、睡眠的不同特征以及受试人群。学习后的睡眠可增强陈述性、程序性和情绪性记忆的巩固。对于编码较弱而非较强的关联，这种增强作用更大；对于明确编码而非隐性编码的记忆，这种增强作用更一致。与预期奖励相关的记忆优先进入依赖睡眠的巩固过程。对于陈述性记忆，在检索测试中，与再认程序相比，回忆程序更能一致地显示出睡眠的益处。慢波睡眠（SWS）尤其能增强陈述性记忆，而快速眼动（REM）睡眠则优先支持程序性和情绪性记忆方面。陈述性记忆从相当短的睡眠时间（1 - 2小时）中就能获益。程序性记忆的获益似乎更依赖于学习后第二天的睡眠量。儿童大量的慢波睡眠能显著增强陈述性记忆，而睡眠紊乱的老年人和精神疾病患者往往表现出与睡眠相关的巩固受损，通常是陈述性记忆方面。基于所确定的心理条件组合，我们假设进入依赖睡眠的巩固过程要求记忆在前额叶 - 海马回路的控制下进行编码，并且同一回路在睡眠期间控制后续的巩固过程。
