Matter L
Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Bern.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1991 Aug 24;121(34):1183-6.
The laboratory diagnosis of an HIV infection is mainly based on the detection of antibodies. Many reliable tests are commercially available. Although they have excellent characteristics (sensitivity and specificity above 99%), their positive predictive value is low in populations with a very low prevalence of HIV infections. Therefore, reactive screening tests must be validated by a confirmatory test in order to reduce the probability of false positive results to an acceptably low level, i.e. below 1%. The detection of HIV by cell culture, antigen detection or genome detection is less standardized and, as a single test, less sensitive than the antibody tests. It is useful as an additional investigation in cases where the results of antibody tests are equivocal.
HIV感染的实验室诊断主要基于抗体检测。市场上有许多可靠的检测方法。尽管它们具有出色的特性（灵敏度和特异性均高于99%），但在HIV感染患病率极低的人群中，其阳性预测值较低。因此，反应性筛查试验必须通过确证试验进行验证，以便将假阳性结果的概率降低到可接受的低水平，即低于1%。通过细胞培养、抗原检测或基因组检测来检测HIV的标准化程度较低，并且作为单一检测方法，其灵敏度低于抗体检测。在抗体检测结果不明确的情况下，它作为一项补充检查很有用。
