Ngoc Uyen Nguyen, Schnitzer Hans
Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21a, A8010 Graz, Austria.
Waste Manag. 2009 Jun;29(6):1982-95. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.031. Epub 2009 Mar 12.
Human activities generate waste and the amounts tend to increase as the demand for quality of life increases. Today's rate in the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEANs) is alarming, posing a challenge to governments regarding environmental pollution in the recent years. The expectation is that eventually waste treatment and waste prevention approaches will develop towards sustainable waste management solutions. This expectation is for instance reflected in the term 'zero emission systems'. The concept of zero emissions can be applied successfully with today's technical possibilities in the agro-based processing industry. First, the state-of-the-art of waste management in Southeast Asian countries will be outlined in this paper, followed by waste generation rates, sources, and composition, as well as future trends of waste. Further on, solutions for solid waste management will be reviewed in the discussions of sustainable waste management. The paper emphasizes the concept of waste prevention through utilization of all wastes as process inputs, leading to the possibility of creating an ecosystem in a loop of materials. Also, a case study, focusing on the citrus processing industry, is displayed to illustrate the application of the aggregated material input-output model in a widespread processing industry in ASEAN. The model can be shown as a closed cluster, which permits an identification of opportunities for reducing environmental impacts at the process level in the food processing industry. Throughout the discussion in this paper, the utilization of renewable energy and economic aspects are considered to adapt to environmental and economic issues and the aim of eco-efficiency. Additionally, the opportunities and constraints of waste management will be discussed.
人类活动产生废弃物，且随着生活质量需求的增加，废弃物数量往往会上升。近年来，东南亚国家联盟（东盟）如今的废弃物产生率令人担忧，给各国政府带来了环境污染方面的挑战。人们期望最终废弃物处理和预防方法将朝着可持续废弃物管理解决方案发展。例如，“零排放系统”这一术语就体现了这种期望。零排放概念借助当今的技术可能性，能够在农业加工行业成功应用。首先，本文将概述东南亚国家废弃物管理的现状，接着介绍废弃物产生率、来源和构成，以及废弃物的未来趋势。此外，在可持续废弃物管理的讨论中，将审视固体废弃物管理的解决方案。本文强调通过将所有废弃物用作工艺投入来预防废弃物的理念，这使得构建一个物质循环的生态系统成为可能。同时，展示了一个以柑橘加工业为重点的案例研究，以说明综合物质投入产出模型在东盟广泛的加工业中的应用。该模型可呈现为一个封闭集群，有助于识别食品加工业在工艺层面减少环境影响的机会。在本文的整个讨论过程中，考虑了可再生能源的利用和经济因素，以适应环境和经济问题以及生态效率目标。此外，还将讨论废弃物管理的机遇与制约因素。
