Johnston Emma L, Roberts David A
Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
Environ Pollut. 2009 Jun;157(6):1745-52. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.017. Epub 2009 Mar 14.
Biodiversity of marine ecosystems is integral to their stability and function and is threatened by anthropogenic processes. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of 216 studies to understand the effects of common contaminants upon diversity in various marine communities. The most common diversity measures were species richness, the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Pielou evenness (J). Largest effect sizes were observed for species richness, which tended to be the most sensitive index. Pollution was associated with marine communities containing fewer species or taxa than their pristine counterparts. Marine habitats did not vary in their susceptibility to contamination, rather a approximately 40% reduction in richness occurred across all habitats. No class of contaminant was associated with significantly greater impacts on diversity than any other. Survey studies identified larger effects than laboratory or field experiments. Anthropogenic contamination is strongly associated with reductions in the species richness and evenness of marine habitats.
海洋生态系统的生物多样性对其稳定性和功能至关重要，且受到人为活动的威胁。我们对216项研究进行了文献综述和荟萃分析，以了解常见污染物对各种海洋群落多样性的影响。最常用的多样性指标是物种丰富度、香农-维纳指数（H'）和皮洛均匀度（J）。物种丰富度的效应量最大，往往是最敏感的指标。污染与物种或分类单元比原始对应群落更少的海洋群落有关。海洋栖息地对污染的敏感性并无差异，而是所有栖息地的丰富度都出现了约40%的下降。没有哪一类污染物对多样性的影响显著大于其他污染物。调查研究发现的影响比实验室或实地实验更大。人为污染与海洋栖息地物种丰富度和均匀度的降低密切相关。
