Schriver Angela T, Morrow Daniel G, Wickens Christopher D, Talleur Donald A
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Hum Factors. 2008 Dec;50(6):864-78. doi: 10.1518/001872008X374974.
We investigated expertise differences in pilot decision making by examining a hypothesized attention-action link. During simulated flight we measured the accuracy and latency of more and less expert pilots' decision outcomes and used eye tracking to measure their attention. We also examined whether decision outcomes and attentional strategies were influenced by properties of the cues indicating problems.
Errors in decision making contribute to many accidents and incidents, especially among inexperienced pilots. Although much is known about decision errors in terms of their outcomes, less is known about the cognitive processes that underlie expert differences in aviation decision making.
Fourteen more expert and 14 less expert pilots flew 16 flights in a simulator. Half of the flights contained a failure requiring diagnosis and action in response to the failure. Cues signaling the failures varied in how diagnostic and/or correlated they were.
The more expert pilots generally made better decisions in terms of speed and accuracy. Both groups made faster correct decisions when cues were high versus low in diagnosticity. Only the more expert pilots made faster correct decisions when cues were correlated. More attention was allocated to relevant cues (measured by percentage dwell time on areas of interest) when a failure was present, primarily among expert pilots. Moreover, the amount of attention to cues was associated with decision accuracy.
The findings support the link between greater attention and more effective decision making.
The expert advantage in attention underlying decision outcomes may provide targets for improving pilot training.
我们通过研究假设的注意力-行动联系，调查了飞行员决策中的专业技能差异。在模拟飞行过程中，我们测量了经验丰富和经验不足的飞行员决策结果的准确性和潜伏期，并使用眼动追踪技术来测量他们的注意力。我们还研究了决策结果和注意力策略是否受到指示问题的线索属性的影响。
决策失误导致了许多事故和事件，尤其是在缺乏经验的飞行员中。虽然人们对决策失误的结果了解很多，但对于航空决策中专家差异背后的认知过程却知之甚少。
14名经验丰富的飞行员和14名经验不足的飞行员在模拟器中进行了16次飞行。其中一半的飞行包含一个故障，需要对该故障进行诊断并采取相应行动。指示故障的线索在诊断性和/或相关性方面各不相同。
经验丰富的飞行员在速度和准确性方面通常做出更好的决策。当线索的诊断性高时，两组做出正确决策的速度都比诊断性低时更快。只有经验丰富的飞行员在线索相关时做出正确决策的速度更快。当出现故障时，更多的注意力被分配到相关线索上（通过对感兴趣区域的注视时间百分比来衡量），主要是在经验丰富的飞行员中。此外，对线索的关注程度与决策准确性相关。
研究结果支持了更多注意力与更有效决策之间的联系。
决策结果背后注意力方面的专家优势可能为改进飞行员培训提供目标。
