Palm H W, Rückert S
Institute of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Parasitol Res. 2009 Aug;105(2):539-53. doi: 10.1007/s00436-009-1423-z. Epub 2009 Apr 1.
A new approach is chosen to visualize ecosystem health by using parasite bioindicators in Segara Anakan Lagoon, a brackish water ecosystem at the southern Java coast, Indonesia. Three fish species (Mugil cephalus, Scatophagus argus, Epinephelus coioides) were collected in two different years and sampling sites and studied for ecto- and endoparasites. Additional data were taken for E. coioides from two further sites in Lampung Bay, Sumatra, and for E. fucoguttatus out of floating cages from a mariculture facility in the Thousand Islands, Jakarta Bay, North Java. The parasite fauna of fishes inside the lagoon was characterized by a high number of ecto- and a low number of endoparasites, the endoparasite diversity was relatively low and the prevalence of ectocommensalistic trichodinid ciliates was high. These parameters were chosen to indicate the biological conditions inside the lagoon. In E. coioides during rainy season, the prevalence of trichodinid ciliates was highest inside the lagoon (55%) compared with 27% in an open-net-cage mariculture and 5.7% in free-living specimens in Lampung Bay. The endoparasite diversity (Shannon-Wiener) was lowest in fish from Segara Anakan lagoon (0.66) compared with fish from an open-net-cage mariculture (0.71) and free-living specimens (1.39). Results for E. fuscoguttatus from the mariculture site in the Thousand Islands, a relatively undisturbed marine environment, demonstrated high parasite diversity (1.58) in the cultivated fish, a high number of endoparasites, and no trichodinids. A star graph is used to visualize the parasite composition for the different fishes, sampling sites, and conditions, using (1) the prevalence of trichodinid ciliates, (2) the ecto/endoparasite ratio and (3) the endoparasite diversity as bioindicators. The application of the star graph is suggested to be a suitable tool to visualize and monitor environmental health under high parasite biodiversity conditions within tropical ecosystems. It can also support a better communication to stake holders and decision makers in order to monitor environmental impact and change.
在印度尼西亚爪哇岛南部海岸的咸水生态系统塞加拉阿纳坎泻湖，人们选择了一种新方法，即利用寄生虫生物指标来直观呈现生态系统健康状况。在两个不同年份和采样地点采集了三种鱼类（鲻鱼、金钱鱼、斜带石斑鱼），并对其体外和体内寄生虫进行了研究。另外，从苏门答腊楠榜湾的两个其他地点采集了斜带石斑鱼的更多数据，以及从爪哇岛北部雅加达湾千岛的一个海水养殖设施的浮动网箱中采集了点带石斑鱼的数据。泻湖内鱼类的寄生虫区系特点是体外寄生虫数量多，体内寄生虫数量少，体内寄生虫多样性相对较低，体表共栖毛管虫类纤毛虫的感染率高。选择这些参数来指示泻湖内的生物状况。在雨季，斜带石斑鱼体内毛管虫类纤毛虫的感染率在泻湖内最高（55%），相比之下，在开放式网箱养殖中为27%，在楠榜湾的野生标本中为5.7%。与开放式网箱养殖的鱼类（0.71）和野生标本（1.39）相比，塞加拉阿纳坎泻湖鱼类的体内寄生虫多样性（香农-维纳指数）最低（0.66）。来自千岛海水养殖地点的点带石斑鱼的结果表明，在相对未受干扰的海洋环境中，养殖鱼类的寄生虫多样性较高（1.58），体内寄生虫数量多，且没有毛管虫。使用（1）毛管虫类纤毛虫的感染率、（2）体外/体内寄生虫比率和（3）体内寄生虫多样性作为生物指标，用星状图直观呈现不同鱼类、采样地点和条件下的寄生虫组成。建议使用星状图作为一种合适的工具，在热带生态系统内寄生虫生物多样性高的条件下直观呈现和监测环境健康状况。它还可以有助于更好地与利益相关者和决策者沟通，以便监测环境影响和变化。
