Characterization of mutations in oligomerization domain of Lac repressor protein.

A series of mutant lac repressor proteins at positions 281 or 282 was isolated for detailed characterization. Although Cys281 modification by sulfhydryl reagents abrogates pH effects on inducer binding and diminishes operator binding (Daly, T. J., Olson, J. S., and Matthews, K. S. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 5468-5474), substitution at this site by alanine, serine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, or methionine did not abolish completely the pH shift nor affect operator affinity. Thus, ionization of the sulfhydryl residue does not account fully for the alterations in inducer affinity and cooperativity of binding observed with elevated pH. Substitution for Cys281 did, however, alter the kinetic parameters for inducer association with the protein. The polarity of the side chain at 281 influenced the rates of sugar binding, presumably by altering the rate of opening/closing of the binding site. Furthermore, the presence of the branched side chain of isoleucine at position 281 disrupted oligomerization of the repressor. In contrast to the tolerance for substitution at 281, the only amino acid side chain exchanges for Tyr282 which yielded tetrameric protein with near normal operator binding characteristics were phenylalanine and leucine; this result is consistent with studies of suppressed nonsense mutations at position 282 which indicated repression occurred only for the corresponding substitutions (Kleina, L. G., and Miller, J. H. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 221, 295-318). Despite the tetrameric character of the Y282F mutant protein, the pH dependence and cooperativity of inducer binding for this mutant protein were altered. All amino acid substitutions other than phenylalanine and leucine at this position resulted in either monomeric protein or no detectable repressor in the cell. Thus, the hydrophobic character of the side chain at position 282 is essential for tetramer formation, and the phenyl ring alone alters inducer binding parameters. The monomeric mutant proteins with substitutions for Tyr282 exhibited lower stability than their tetrameric counterparts, and the absence of dimer formation suggests alterations at this site affect both dimer and tetramer interfaces. Based on previous genetic studies and our detailed mutant characterization, the region encompassing 281 and 282, indicated by secondary structure prediction to be a turn or coil, is essential for oligomer formation and additionally exerts a strong influence on the dynamic properties of the protein, presumably mediated by interactions at the subunit interface which regulate the rate of opening and closing of the inducer binding cleft.