Ye Xibiao, Pierik Frank H, Angerer Jürgen, Meltzer Helle Margrete, Jaddoe Vincent W V, Tiemeier Henning, Hoppin Jane A, Longnecker Matthew P
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), MD A3-05, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009 Sep;212(5):481-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.03.004. Epub 2009 Apr 24.
Concerns about reproductive and developmental health risks of exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA) among the general population are increasing. Six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), BPA, and fourteen phthalate metabolites were measured in 10 pooled urine samples representing 110 pregnant women who participated in the Norwegian Mother and Child Birth Cohort (MoBa) study in 2004. Daily intakes were estimated from urinary data and compared with reference doses (RfDs) and daily tolerable intakes (TDIs). The MoBa women had a higher mean BPA concentration (4.50 microg/L) than the pregnant women in the Generation R Study (Generation R) in the Netherlands and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States. The mean concentration of total DAP metabolites (24.20 microg/L) in MoBa women was higher than that in NHANES women but lower than that in Generation R women. The diethyl phthalate metabolite mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was the dominant phthalate metabolite in all three studies, with the mean concentrations of greater than 300 microg/L. The MoBa and Generation R women had higher mean concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) than the NHANES women. The estimated average daily intakes of BPA, chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-methyl and phthalates in MoBa (and the other two studies) were below the RfDs and TDIs. The higher levels of metabolites in the MoBa participants may have been from intake via pesticide residues in food (organophosphates), consumption of canned food, especially fish/seafood (BPA), and use of personal care products (selected phthalates).
普通人群对接触有机磷酸酯（OP）农药、邻苯二甲酸盐和双酚A（BPA）所带来的生殖和发育健康风险的担忧日益增加。在2004年参与挪威母婴队列（MoBa）研究的110名孕妇的10份混合尿液样本中，检测了6种二烷基磷酸酯（DAP）代谢物、3,5,6 - 三氯 - 2 - 吡啶醇（TCPy）、双酚A以及14种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物。根据尿液数据估算每日摄入量，并与参考剂量（RfDs）和每日可耐受摄入量（TDIs）进行比较。MoBa研究中的女性平均双酚A浓度（4.50微克/升）高于荷兰的Generation R研究（Generation R）以及美国国家健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）中的孕妇。MoBa研究中女性的总DAP代谢物平均浓度（24.20微克/升）高于NHANES研究中的女性，但低于Generation R研究中的女性。邻苯二甲酸二乙酯代谢物单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）在所有三项研究中都是主要的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物，平均浓度大于300微克/升。MoBa研究和Generation R研究中的女性单丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）和单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MiBP）的平均浓度高于NHANES研究中的女性。MoBa研究（以及其他两项研究）中双酚A、毒死蜱/甲基毒死蜱和邻苯二甲酸酯的估计平均每日摄入量低于参考剂量和每日可耐受摄入量。MoBa研究参与者体内代谢物水平较高可能源于通过食物中的农药残留（有机磷酸酯）摄入、食用罐装食品，尤其是鱼类/海鲜（双酚A）以及使用个人护理产品（特定邻苯二甲酸酯）。
