Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas.

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. CCFs are broadly classified as either direct or indirect. Surgical treatment of CCFs is technically difficult and is associated with significant morbidity. Endovascular techniques from either an arterial or a venous approach have become the mainstay of treatment given the recent advances in endovascular technology. This article provides an overview of various endovascular approaches available for the treatment of CCFs.