Vikram Raghunandan, Sandler Carl M, Ng Chaan S
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030-4009, USA.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Jun;192(6):1488-93. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.2577.
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract is a common malignancy affecting the genitourinary tract. It is commonly multifocal with a high incidence of recurrence requiring rigorous urothelial surveillance. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology, pathologic characteristics, and patterns of tumor spread. We illustrate and discuss the role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of TCC of the renal pelvis and the ureter.
The hallmark of TCC is multiplicity and recurrence. Nearly 2-4% of patients with bladder cancer develop upper tract TCC, but 40% of patients with upper tract TCC develop bladder cancer. Diagnosis of upper tract TCC is heavily dependent on imaging. Understanding the appearances of upper tract TCC on the different imaging techniques used is important in the accurate interpretation of imaging studies. Newer techniques such as CT urography are now increasingly used instead of conventional excretory urography in the surveillance of the upper tract in patients with bladder cancer.
上尿路移行细胞癌（TCC）是一种影响泌尿生殖道的常见恶性肿瘤。它通常为多灶性，复发率高，需要严格的尿路上皮监测。在本文中，我们讨论其流行病学、病理特征及肿瘤扩散模式。我们阐述并讨论影像学在肾盂及输尿管TCC诊断、分期及监测中的作用。
TCC的特点是多灶性和复发性。近2%-4%的膀胱癌患者会发生上尿路TCC，但40%的上尿路TCC患者会发生膀胱癌。上尿路TCC的诊断严重依赖于影像学。了解上尿路TCC在不同影像学技术上的表现对于准确解读影像学检查很重要。在膀胱癌患者上尿路监测中，诸如CT尿路造影等新技术现在越来越多地取代了传统排泄性尿路造影。
