Zoonoses Public Health. 2010 Aug;57(5):318-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01228.x.
This article retrospectively analyses the spatial distribution and dog- and environmental-level risk factors associated to Leishmania infantum seroprevalence among 807 asymptomatic dogs in the Municipality of Crevillente in Alicante in southeast Spain in 1999. They represented 60% of the dogs in this 103 km2 area, with a human census of 27 034 people and 90% lived in Crevillente town. The estimated seroprevalence (95% confidence interval) in 714 dogs > or =1-year old was 22% (19-25) however; it was 12% (8-15) in town dogs and 0-100% in other administrative zones. High-medium seroprevalence zone clustered along a northeast-southwest fringe and around the town. They comprised the highest and driest inhabited part of the municipality, where farmland was interspersed by residential detached houses, whilst null-low seroprevalence zones included larger farmland extensions and two small rural villages. Predominant vegetation and ground soil type were bush, non-irrigated fruit trees and conglomerate crust and sandstone in medium-high seroprevalence zones and irrigated grassland and fruit trees and colluvial deposits in null-low seroprevalence zones. Random effects logistic regression indicated that the prevalence of infection with L. infantum was higher for dogs sharing residence with infected dogs, increased until 5-6 years old and with body weight and was associated to increasing conglomerate crust and low surface water in the dog's zone of residence. The study confirms that L. infantum infection is endemic in this part of Spain and shows that prevalence can vary significantly within a small area depending on specific demographic and environmental factors conditioning the habitat of the local L. infantum vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. It suggests similar low-scale variability is present in other geographically variable endemic areas and should be investigated to design Leishmaniosis risk maps and cost-effective, evidence-based, targeted control interventions.
本文回顾性分析了 1999 年在西班牙东南部阿利坎特省克里韦利伦特市的 807 只无症状狗中利什曼原虫血清阳性率的空间分布及犬和环境水平的危险因素。这些狗代表了该 103 平方公里区域内 60%的狗，该区域的人口普查为 27034 人，其中 90%的人居住在克里韦利伦特镇。在 714 只≥1 岁的狗中，估计的血清阳性率（95%置信区间）为 22%（19-25）；然而，在镇内狗中为 12%（8-15），在其他行政区为 0-100%。中高血清阳性率区沿东北-西南边缘和城镇聚集。它们包括该市人口密度最高和最干燥的部分，农田与独立式住宅交错，而零低血清阳性率区包括更大的农田延伸和两个小型农村村庄。优势植被和地面土壤类型在中高血清阳性率区为灌木丛、非灌溉果树和砾岩壳和砂岩，在零低血清阳性率区为灌溉草地和果树和坡积物。随机效应逻辑回归表明，与感染狗同住的狗的利什曼原虫感染率更高，在 5-6 岁时增加，与体重有关，并与狗居住地的砾岩壳增加和地表水减少有关。该研究证实，利什曼原虫感染在西班牙的这一地区是地方性的，并表明在小范围内，由于影响当地利什曼原虫媒介白蛉传播的栖息地的特定人口和环境因素的变化，流行率可能会有很大差异。这表明在其他地理变化的地方性地区也存在类似的小尺度变异性，应该进行调查，以设计利什曼病风险图和基于证据的、有针对性的、有成本效益的控制干预措施。
