Scanlan D J, Ostrowski M, Mazard S, Dufresne A, Garczarek L, Hess W R, Post A F, Hagemann M, Paulsen I, Partensky F
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2009 Jun;73(2):249-99. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00035-08.
Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numerically dominate the picophytoplankton of the world ocean, making a key contribution to global primary production. Prochlorococcus was isolated around 20 years ago and is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. The genus comprises specific ecotypes which are phylogenetically distinct and differ markedly in their photophysiology, allowing growth over a broad range of light and nutrient conditions within the 45 degrees N to 40 degrees S latitudinal belt that they occupy. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are closely related, together forming a discrete picophytoplankton clade, but are distinguishable by their possession of dissimilar light-harvesting apparatuses and differences in cell size and elemental composition. Synechococcus strains have a ubiquitous oceanic distribution compared to that of Prochlorococcus strains and are characterized by phylogenetically discrete lineages with a wide range of pigmentation. In this review, we put our current knowledge of marine picocyanobacterial genomics into an environmental context and present previously unpublished genomic information arising from extensive genomic comparisons in order to provide insights into the adaptations of these marine microbes to their environment and how they are reflected at the genomic level.
原绿球藻属（Prochlorococcus）和聚球藻属（Synechococcus）的海洋聚球蓝细菌在数量上主导着全球海洋中的微微型浮游植物，对全球初级生产做出了关键贡献。原绿球藻大约在20年前被分离出来，可能是地球上数量最多的光合生物。该属包含特定的生态型，它们在系统发育上不同，光生理学也有显著差异，这使得它们能够在其占据的北纬45度至南纬40度的广阔光和营养条件范围内生长。聚球藻和原绿球藻密切相关，共同形成一个离散的微微型浮游植物进化枝，但可以通过它们拥有不同的光捕获装置以及细胞大小和元素组成的差异来区分。与原绿球藻菌株相比，聚球藻菌株在海洋中分布广泛，其特点是具有系统发育上离散的谱系，色素沉着范围广泛。在这篇综述中，我们将目前关于海洋聚球蓝细菌基因组学的知识置于环境背景中，并展示了通过广泛基因组比较获得的以前未发表的基因组信息，以便深入了解这些海洋微生物对其环境的适应性以及它们在基因组水平上是如何体现的。
