Bearman Chris, Paletz Susannah B F, Orasanu Judith
University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2009 Jun;80(6):556-60. doi: 10.3357/asem.2363.2009.
The context in which a decision is made can shape the decision process in important ways. Of particular interest here are 'strong' situations, that is, contexts where the situation itself exerts an influence on decision making. Borrowing concepts from field theory and approach/avoidance theory, this paper explores the influence of strong situations on pilot decision making.
There were 28 pilots flying in Alaska who were interviewed using a critical incident technique where participants were asked to relate stories about challenging flying situations. A bottom-up qualitative analysis of reported social and psychological pressures revealed a range of types, including strong situations, which are described in this paper.
Strong situations were mentioned in 67% of the interviews and included situations likely to motivate the pilot toward unsafe behavior (goal seduction) and situations likely to motivate the pilot away from safe behavior (situation aversion). Goal seduction situations included rescuing others, meeting a significant other, time-related constraints, financial pressures, and unspecified goal seduction; aversive situations included physical discomfort, not having maintenance or facilities for the airplane, and a lack of basic necessities (e.g., lodging) for the pilot.
Goal seduction describes one broad, unspecified influence on pilot decision making, but situation aversion is also an important motivator for some pilots. Goal seduction and situation aversion may well underlie the phenomena of plan continuation errors, the tendency for pilots to continue despite evidence suggesting it is imprudent. This study suggests some specific factors that constrain decision making for pilots in challenging situations.
做出决策的背景能够以重要方式塑造决策过程。在此特别值得关注的是“强烈”情境，即情境本身对决策产生影响的背景。借鉴场论和趋近/回避理论的概念，本文探讨强烈情境对飞行员决策的影响。
对28名在阿拉斯加飞行的飞行员进行了访谈，采用关键事件技术，要求参与者讲述具有挑战性的飞行情境故事。对所报告的社会和心理压力进行自下而上的定性分析，揭示了一系列类型，包括本文所描述的强烈情境。
67%的访谈中提到了强烈情境，包括可能促使飞行员采取不安全行为的情境（目标诱惑）和可能促使飞行员远离安全行为的情境（情境厌恶）。目标诱惑情境包括营救他人、会见重要他人、与时间相关的限制、经济压力以及未明确的目标诱惑；厌恶情境包括身体不适、飞机缺乏维护或设施，以及飞行员缺乏基本生活必需品（如住宿）。
目标诱惑描述了对飞行员决策一种广泛的、未明确的影响，但情境厌恶对一些飞行员来说也是一个重要的动机因素。目标诱惑和情境厌恶很可能是计划延续错误现象的潜在原因，即尽管有证据表明继续下去是不明智的，飞行员仍倾向于继续。本研究提出了一些在具有挑战性的情境中限制飞行员决策的具体因素。
