Makarowski Ryszard, Piotrowski Andrzej
Aeroklub Nadwiślański, Lisie Kąty, Poland.
Med Pr. 2017 Jul 26;68(5):639-651. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00444. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
Over the years it has been assumed, that the greater the number of pilot flight hours, the better the development of problem-solving skills among pilots. Research suggests, however, that the problem is more complex than that. Not only one's experience is of importance - temperament, aggression and risk may also affect the decision-making process under stressful conditions.
We examined 97 male pilots of passenger planes, who had flew ATRs, Boeings, Airbuses, Embraers, and Saabs. The comparative group was made up of 127 graduates of technical studies (not connected with aviation). In our study, we used the following methods: the PTS (Pavlovian Temperament Survey) Temperament Questionnaire by Strelau, the Aggression Questionnaire by Buss and Perry, and the Stimulating-Instrumental Risk Inventory (SIRI) by Zaleśkiewicz.
Following the analyses we could categorize the pilots into 3 distinct groups: group 1 - strong type of nervous system with a tendency to avoid risk; group 2 - strong type of nervous system with a tendency to take risks; group 3 - the relatively weakest type of nervous system with a tendency toward aggressive behavior.
Members of each group were analyzed to assess how they function in a task situation, i.e., whilst piloting a passenger plane. The study showed that individuals with high need for stimulation may - consciously or not - seek situations of excessive or unnecessary risks, and this is done in order to reach the right level of stimulation. A constellation of the following variables: temperament, risk, and aggression could be - we argue - useful in psychological examinations, and should be taken into account in training procedures for pilots. Med Pr 2017;68(5):639-651.
多年来人们一直认为，飞行员的飞行小时数越多，其解决问题的能力发展得就越好。然而，研究表明，问题比这更复杂。不仅个人经验很重要——气质、攻击性和风险也可能影响压力条件下的决策过程。
我们对97名驾驶ATR、波音、空客、巴西航空工业公司和萨博等客机的男性飞行员进行了检查。对照组由127名技术专业毕业生（与航空无关）组成。在我们的研究中，我们使用了以下方法：斯特雷劳的PTS（巴甫洛夫气质调查问卷）气质问卷、巴斯和佩里的攻击性问卷以及扎莱斯基维茨的刺激-工具性风险量表（SIRI）。
经过分析，我们可以将飞行员分为3个不同的组：第1组——神经系统类型较强且有规避风险倾向；第2组——神经系统类型较强且有冒险倾向；第3组——神经系统类型相对最弱且有攻击性行为倾向。
对每组成员进行了分析，以评估他们在任务情境中的表现，即在驾驶客机时的表现。研究表明，对刺激有高度需求的个体可能会有意或无意地寻求过度或不必要的风险情境，这样做是为了达到适当的刺激水平。我们认为，气质、风险和攻击性等一系列变量在心理测试中可能有用，并且在飞行员培训程序中应予以考虑。《医学实践》2017年；68(5):639 - 651。
