Brennwald M S, van Dorp F
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
J Environ Radioact. 2009 Dec;100(12):1058-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.05.006. Epub 2009 Jun 27.
Long-term safety assessments for geological disposal of radioactive waste in Switzerland involve the demonstration that the annual radiation dose to humans due to the potential release of radionuclides from the waste repository into the biosphere will not exceed the regulatory limit of 0.1 mSv. Here, we describe the simple but robust approach used by Nagra (Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste) to quantify the dose to humans as a result to time-dependent release of radionuclides from the geosphere into the biosphere. The model calculates the concentrations of radionuclides in different terrestrial and aquatic compartments of the surface environment. The fluxes of water and solids within the environment are the drivers for the exchange of radionuclides between these compartments. The calculated radionuclide concentrations in the biosphere are then used to estimate the radiation doses to humans due to various exposure paths (e.g. ingestion of radionuclides via drinking water and food, inhalation of radionuclides, external irradiation from radionuclides in soils). In this paper we also discuss recent new achievements and planned future work.
瑞士放射性废物地质处置的长期安全评估涉及证明，由于放射性核素可能从废物处置库释放到生物圈中而导致的人类年辐射剂量不会超过0.1毫希沃特的监管限值。在此，我们描述了纳格（瑞士放射性废物处置国家合作组织）所采用的简单但稳健的方法，用于量化由于放射性核素从地圈随时间释放到生物圈而导致的人类剂量。该模型计算地表环境中不同陆地和水生区间的放射性核素浓度。环境中水体和固体的通量是这些区间之间放射性核素交换的驱动因素。然后，利用在生物圈中计算出的放射性核素浓度，估算由于各种暴露途径（如通过饮用水和食物摄入放射性核素、吸入放射性核素、土壤中放射性核素的外照射）而导致的人类辐射剂量。在本文中，我们还讨论了近期的新成果以及计划中的未来工作。
