Patel Santosh
Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009 Jul;20(4):560-9.
Various physiological mechanisms regulate sodium and water balance in the human body. These processes achieve acute and chronic sodium regulation and the simultaneous or sequential changes can be explained using a single physiological model. Steady intracellular water and osmolality is necessary for cell membrane integrity and cellular processes. Body fluids protect circulatory blood volume by altering Na + and water balance. This is the most vital homeostatic function of the body. Changes in ECF volume are sensed by various cardinal sensors. Physiologically, the main aim of Na + and water balance is to permit variable salt and water intake without large fluctuations in blood pressure or volume status. Homeostatic processes act in an integrated fashion to protect against any perturbations. Characteristically, these mechanisms are sequential as well as parallel. These may be synergistic or antagonistic to each other. Rapidity, sensitivity and potency of these powerful feedback systems differ. Various physiological and pathological insults determine the magnitude of response of these systems.
多种生理机制调节人体的钠和水平衡。这些过程实现急性和慢性钠调节，同时或相继发生的变化可用单一的生理模型来解释。稳定的细胞内水和渗透压对于细胞膜完整性和细胞过程是必需的。体液通过改变Na+和水平衡来保护循环血容量。这是身体最重要的稳态功能。细胞外液体积的变化由各种主要传感器感知。从生理角度来看，钠和水平衡的主要目的是允许可变的盐和水摄入，而不会导致血压或容量状态出现大幅波动。稳态过程以综合的方式发挥作用，以抵御任何干扰。这些机制的特点是既有顺序性又有并行性。它们可能相互协同或拮抗。这些强大反馈系统的速度、敏感性和效力各不相同。各种生理和病理损伤决定了这些系统反应的程度。
