Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059, USA.
Mol Reprod Dev. 2009 Oct;76(10):912-21. doi: 10.1002/mrd.21081.
Ernest E. Just (1883-1941) is best known for his discovery of the "wave of negativity" that sweeps of the sea urchin egg during fertilization, and his elucidation of what are known as the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy. Just's contemporary Johannes Holtfreter (1901-1992) is known for his pioneering work in amphibian morphogenesis, which helped to lay the foundation for modern vertebrate developmental biology. This paper, after briefly describing the life and scientific contributions of Just, argues that his work and ideas strongly influenced two of the concepts for which Holtfreter is best known: tissue affinity and autoneuralization (or autoinduction). Specifically, this paper argues that, first, Just's experiments demonstrating developmental stage-specific changes in the adhesiveness of the blastomeres of cleavage embryos helped lay the foundation for Holtfreter's concept of tissue affinity and, second, Just's notion of the intrinsic irritability of the egg cell, which is evident in experimental parthenogenesis, strongly informed Holtfreter's concept of the nonspecific induction of neural tissue formation in amphibian gastrula ectoderm explants, a phenomenon known as autoinduction. Acknowledgment of these contributions by Just in no way diminishes the importance of Holtfreter's groundbreaking work. It does, however, extend the impact of Just's work into the area of embryo morphogenesis. It connects Just to Holtfreter and positions his work as an antecedent to embryo research that continues to this day.
欧内斯特·E·贾斯特（1883-1941）以发现海胆卵受精过程中的“负波”以及阐明被称为多精入卵的快速和慢速阻断机制而闻名。他的同时代人约翰内斯·霍尔特弗雷特（1901-1992）以其在两栖动物形态发生学方面的开创性工作而闻名，这些工作为现代脊椎动物发育生物学奠定了基础。本文简要描述了贾斯特的生平及其科学贡献，认为他的工作和思想强烈影响了霍尔特弗雷特最著名的两个概念：组织亲和性和自主神经化（或自动诱导）。具体来说，本文认为，首先，贾斯特的实验证明了卵裂胚胎的卵裂球在发育阶段的黏附性发生了特异性变化，这为霍尔特弗雷特的组织亲和性概念奠定了基础；其次，贾斯特关于卵母细胞内在刺激性的观点，在实验性孤雌生殖中显而易见，强烈影响了霍尔特弗雷特关于非特异性诱导两栖动物原肠胚外胚层外植体神经组织形成的概念，这种现象被称为自动诱导。承认贾斯特在这方面的贡献并没有降低霍尔特弗雷特开创性工作的重要性。然而，它确实将贾斯特的工作的影响扩展到了胚胎形态发生领域。它将贾斯特与霍尔特弗雷特联系起来，并将他的工作定位为至今仍在继续的胚胎研究的前身。
