Capua I, Schmitz A, Jestin V, Koch G, Marangon S
OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
Rev Sci Tech. 2009 Apr;28(1):245-59. doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1861.
In late 2000, Italy was the first country of the European Union (EU) to implement an emergency vaccination programme against notifiable avian influenza. Vaccination with a conventional vaccine containing a seed strain with a different neuraminidase subtype from that of the field virus was used to complement biosecurity and restriction measures as part of an overall eradication strategy. This vaccination technique, in line with the Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals system (DIVA), was applied several times until March 2008. This strategy enabled the identification of field exposed flocks and ultimately the eradication of low pathogenic H7N1, H7N3 and H5N2 infections. Italy was also the first country to implement a bivalent H5/H7 prophylactic vaccination programme of defined poultry populations, which was discontinued in December 2006. Following the incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 into Europe, in 2005 and 2006, two other EU Member States, namely France and the Netherlands, implemented preventive vaccination programmes in 2006 but they targeted selected poultry populations different from those targeted in Italy and were implemented for short periods of time. Data generated during six years of experience with vaccination against avian influenza in Italy indicate that it is a useful tool to limit secondary spread and possibly prevent the introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in a susceptible population. The experience of France and the Netherlands provides data on vaccination of ducks and hobby poultry respectively and monitoring programmes associated with vaccination and difficulties related to their application. The advantages and disadvantages of vaccination need to be considered in the decision-making process, including the financial aspects of vaccination.
2000年末，意大利是欧盟首个实施针对应通报禽流感的紧急疫苗接种计划的国家。使用含有与野毒不同神经氨酸酶亚型的种毒株的传统疫苗进行接种，作为全面根除战略的一部分，以补充生物安全和限制措施。这种符合区分感染动物和免疫动物系统（DIVA）的疫苗接种技术，一直应用到2008年3月。这一战略使得能够识别接触过野毒的禽群，并最终根除了低致病性H7N1、H7N3和H5N2感染。意大利也是首个对特定家禽群体实施H5/H7二价预防性疫苗接种计划的国家，该计划于2006年12月停止。2005年和2006年高致病性H5N1传入欧洲后，另外两个欧盟成员国，即法国和荷兰，于2006年实施了预防性疫苗接种计划，但它们针对的特定家禽群体与意大利不同，且实施时间较短。意大利六年禽流感疫苗接种经验产生的数据表明，它是限制二次传播并可能防止低致病性禽流感病毒传入易感群体的有用工具。法国和荷兰的经验分别提供了鸭和观赏禽疫苗接种的数据，以及与疫苗接种相关的监测计划和应用中遇到的困难。在决策过程中，包括疫苗接种的财务方面，需要考虑疫苗接种的利弊。
