Torres-Castro Ivette Liliana, Vega-Cendejas María Eugenia, Schmitter-Soto Juan Jacobo, Palacio-Aponte Gerardo, Rodiles-Hernández Rocío
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche, Campeche, México.
Rev Biol Trop. 2009 Mar-Jun;57(1-2):141-57.
"Petenes" are small springs and associated streams that drain into wetlands near the coast in karstic areas. We studied composition, distribution, and abundance of the ichthyofauna in Los Petenes region (northwest Campeche). Two petenes displaying different degrees and types of anthropic impact were selected, Hampolol and El Remate. Hampolol has a smaller area but a longer derived stream; it is located within a protected area, but has been invaded by tilapia. El Remate is a popular spa, with no tilapia; it has a larger area but a shorter derived stream. At each "petén", several sites in the main spring, the associated stream, and secondary (temporary) springs were sampled in the rainy and dry seasons. Fishing gear was variable (throw net, gill net, small and large seine nets), but effort was uniform. We recorded temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and depth at each site and season; also, we noted the different types and intensities of anthropic impact (channelization, presence of exotic species, recreational use, etc.) at each petén. We compared the petenes in terms of their environmental quality and fish fauna (composition, distribution, abundance, biomass); we also tested for effects of season and site within each petén. The study found 27 species of fishes, included in 18 genera and eight families, 24 species in Hampolol and 20 in El Remate. The geographical range of 'Cichlasoma' salvini, Rivulus tenuis, Phallichthys fairweatheri, Xiphophorus hellerii, and X maculatus is extended. The dominant species in both seasons was Astyanax (probable hybrids A. aeneus x altior at Hampolol, pure A. altior at El Remate), which contributed most of the abundance and biomass, together with Vieja synspila and Poecilia velifera. A significantly greater overall diversity (H'n=3.31) was recorded in Hampolol compared to El Remate (H'n=2.10). Cluster analysis of sites by species presence allowed distinction of two groupings within each petén: permanent waters (i.e., main spring, stream) vs. temporary sites (secondary springs, which dry out in winter). Environmental parameters (except salinity) presented significant differences by site and season; a canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the distribution of fish assemblages was influenced by the environmental parameters in both seasons. In terms of composition, historical factors play a role in the differences between the fish assemblages of the two petenes, especially concerning the presence of Astyanax hybrids and Xiphophorus spp. in the southern petén (Hampolol) and Poecilia velifera in the northern petén (El Remate).
“佩滕斯”是指流入岩溶地区海岸附近湿地的小泉及相关溪流。我们研究了洛斯佩滕斯地区（坎佩切州西北部）鱼类区系的组成、分布和丰度。选取了两个受到不同程度和类型人为影响的佩滕斯，即汉波洛尔和埃尔雷马特。汉波洛尔面积较小，但衍生溪流较长；它位于一个保护区内，但已被罗非鱼入侵。埃尔雷马特是一个受欢迎的温泉浴场，没有罗非鱼；它面积较大，但衍生溪流较短。在每个“佩滕”，于雨季和旱季对主泉、相关溪流及二级（临时）泉中的多个地点进行了采样。捕鱼工具各不相同（撒网、刺网、大小拉网），但捕捞力度一致。我们记录了每个地点和季节的温度、溶解氧、盐度和深度；此外，我们还注意到了每个佩滕不同类型和强度的人为影响（河道化、外来物种的存在、娱乐用途等）。我们比较了两个佩滕在环境质量和鱼类区系（组成、分布、丰度、生物量）方面的情况；我们还测试了每个佩滕内季节和地点的影响。研究发现了27种鱼类，分属18个属和8个科，汉波洛尔有24种，埃尔雷马特有20种。萨尔维尼丽体鱼、细身溪鳉、费氏阴茎鱼、赫氏剑尾鱼和斑纹剑尾鱼的地理分布范围得到了扩展。两个季节的优势种都是阿氏丽脂鲤（在汉波洛尔可能是阿氏丽脂鲤×高身丽脂鲤的杂交种，在埃尔雷马特是纯种高身丽脂鲤），它与辛氏维耶雅丽鱼和帆鳍花鳉一起构成了大部分的丰度和生物量。与埃尔雷马特（H'n = 2.10）相比，汉波洛尔记录到的总体多样性显著更高（H'n = 3.31）。根据物种存在情况对地点进行的聚类分析使得每个佩滕内可以区分出两个分组：永久性水域（即主泉、溪流）与临时地点（二级泉，冬季干涸）。环境参数（盐度除外）在不同地点和季节存在显著差异；典范对应分析表明，两个季节鱼类群落的分布均受环境参数影响。在组成方面，历史因素在两个佩滕鱼类群落的差异中起作用，特别是关于南部佩滕（汉波洛尔）中阿氏丽脂鲤杂交种和剑尾鱼属的存在以及北部佩滕（埃尔雷马特）中帆鳍花鳉的存在。
