Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 26;57(16):7369-76. doi: 10.1021/jf9014526.
In the United States, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has become a sucrose replacement for honey bees and has widespread use as a sweetener in many processed foods and beverages for human consumption. It is utilized by commercial beekeepers as a food for honey bees for several reasons: to promote brood production, after bees have been moved for commercial pollination, and when field-gathered nectar sources are scarce. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a heat-formed contaminant and is the most noted toxin to honey bees. Currently, there are no rapid field tests that would alert beekeepers of dangerous levels of HMF in HFCS or honey. In this study, the initial levels and the rates of formation of HMF at four temperatures were evaluated in U.S.-available HFCS samples. Different HFCS brands were analyzed and compared for acidity and metal ions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Levels of HMF in eight HFCS products were evaluated over 35 days, and the data were fit to polynomial and exponential equations, with excellent correlations. The data can be used by beekeepers to predict HMF formation on storage. Caged bee studies were conducted to evaluate the HMF dose-response effect on bee mortality. Finally, commercial bases such as lime, potash, and caustic soda were added to neutralize hydronium ion in HMF samples, and the rates of HMF formation were compared at 45 degrees C.
在美国，高果糖玉米糖浆（HFCS）已成为替代蜂蜜的蔗糖替代品，并广泛用于许多供人类食用的加工食品和饮料中作为甜味剂。出于以下几个原因，商业养蜂人将其用作蜜蜂的食物：促进幼虫的生产，在蜜蜂被用于商业授粉后，以及当野外采集的花蜜来源稀缺时。羟甲基糠醛（HMF）是一种热形成的污染物，是对蜜蜂最具危害性的毒素。目前，还没有快速的现场测试可以提醒养蜂人注意 HFCS 或蜂蜜中 HMF 的危险水平。在这项研究中，评估了美国可获得的 HFCS 样品在四个温度下 HMF 的初始水平和形成速率。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法对不同的 HFCS 品牌进行了酸度和金属离子分析和比较。在 35 天内评估了八种 HFCS 产品中的 HMF 水平，并对数据进行了多项式和指数方程拟合，具有很好的相关性。这些数据可被养蜂人用来预测储存过程中 HMF 的形成情况。进行了笼养蜜蜂研究，以评估 HMF 对蜜蜂死亡率的剂量反应效应。最后，在 45°C 时，向 HMF 样品中添加石灰、碳酸钾和苛性苏打等商业基础物质以中和羟基质子，比较 HMF 的形成速率。
