Brown F
Department of Virology, Wellcome Biotechnology Ltd, Beckenham, Kent, U.K.
Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1990;76:39-46.
With the exception of the vaccine against hepatitis B the principles involved in the production of the viral vaccines in use today have not changed since Jenner (1) first developed the vaccine which was so important in the control and eventual eradication of smallpox in 1977. All have relied on the presentation of the live attenuated or inactivated virus to the host, either orally or by injection, so that it elicited the formation of antibody and primed memory cells for a rapid response to the subsequent invasion of the virus. With the discovery that protective immunity could be obtained with isolated individual proteins from virus particles and the development of methods for the expression of these proteins, both in vivo and in vitro, there is now considerable promise that immunity can be induced without the need to use the disease agent itself. Moreover, the molecular basis of the immune response is now beginning to be understood, thus allowing a more rational approach to the design of vaccines for individual diseases.
除了乙肝疫苗外，自詹纳于1796年首次研发出对1977年控制并最终根除天花起到重要作用的疫苗以来，如今使用的病毒疫苗生产所涉及的原理并未改变。所有疫苗都依赖于将减毒活病毒或灭活病毒通过口服或注射的方式呈现给宿主，以便引发抗体形成并激活记忆细胞，从而对随后病毒的入侵做出快速反应。随着发现从病毒颗粒中分离出的单个蛋白质可获得保护性免疫，以及体内和体外表达这些蛋白质的方法的发展，现在有很大希望无需使用致病原本身就能诱导免疫。此外，免疫反应的分子基础现在开始被理解，从而为针对个别疾病的疫苗设计提供了更合理的方法。
