Thomas Luc, Mujika Iñigo, Busso Thierry
Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Saint-Etienne, France.
J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Sep;23(6):1729-36. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3dfa1.
A nonlinear model of training responses was utilized to test whether a 2-phase taper could be more effective than a traditional linear taper. Simulations were conducted using model parameters previously determined in 6 nonathletes trained on a cycle ergometer (non-ATH) and 7 elite swimmers trained in sport-specific conditions (ATH). Linear and 2-phase tapers were compared after a 28-day overload period at 120% of normal training. The 2-phase taper was assumed to be identical to the optimal linear taper, except for the final 3 days during which the training load was varied to maximize the final performance. The optimal linear taper was characterized by a mean training reduction by 32 +/- 6% during 35 +/- 6 days in non-ATH and by 49 +/- 18% during 33 +/- 16 days in ATH. The last 3 days of the 2-phase taper were characterized by a significant increase in training load by 23 +/- 18% in non-ATH and 29 +/- 42% in ATH (p < 0.005). The optimal taper characteristics were not statistically different between non-ATH and ATH. The maximal performance reached with the 2-phase taper was higher by 0.04 +/- 0.02% in non-ATH and 0.01 +/- 0.01% in ATH than with the optimal linear taper (p < 0.001). Positive and negative influences of training on performance were estimated as indicators of adaptation and fatigue, respectively. The negative influence was completely removed during both tapers, whereas the positive influence was slightly further enhanced during the 2-phase pattern. In conclusion, simulations showed that a 20 to 30% increase in training at the end of the taper, as compared to a prolonged reduction in training, allowed additional adaptations without compromising the removal of fatigue.
使用训练反应的非线性模型来测试两阶段减量是否比传统的线性减量更有效。使用先前在6名在自行车测力计上训练的非运动员（非ATH）和7名在特定运动条件下训练的精英游泳运动员（ATH）中确定的模型参数进行模拟。在以正常训练的120%进行28天的超负荷训练期后，比较线性和两阶段减量。两阶段减量被假定与最佳线性减量相同，只是在最后3天训练负荷有所变化以最大化最终表现。最佳线性减量的特征是，非ATH在35±6天内平均训练量减少32±6%，ATH在33±16天内平均训练量减少49±18%。两阶段减量的最后3天，非ATH的训练负荷显著增加23±18%，ATH增加29±42%（p<0.005）。非ATH和ATH之间的最佳减量特征在统计学上没有差异。与最佳线性减量相比，两阶段减量达到的最大表现，非ATH高0.04±0.02%，ATH高0.01±0.01%（p<0.001）。训练对表现的正向和负向影响分别作为适应和疲劳的指标进行评估。在两种减量过程中，负向影响都被完全消除，而在两阶段模式中，正向影响略有进一步增强。总之，模拟结果表明，与延长训练量减少相比，在减量结束时训练量增加20%至30%，可以在不影响消除疲劳的情况下实现额外的适应。
