Thomas Luc, Mujika Iñigo, Busso Thierry
Unité de recherche de Physiologie et Physiopathologie de l'Exercise et du Handicap, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.
J Sports Sci. 2008 Apr;26(6):643-52. doi: 10.1080/02640410701716782.
The aim of this study was to assess responses to taper in elite athletes using computer simulations. Parameters of a non-linear model were derived from training and performance data over two seasons for eight elite swimmers. The fit between modelled and actual performances was statistically significant for each swimmer (r(2) = 0.56 +/- 0.06; P < 0.01). The simulations were used to estimate characteristics of step and progressive tapers that would maximize performance either (1) after regular training only or (2) after overload training of a 20% step increase in regular training for 28 days. The highest performance with a step taper was greater with than without prior overload training (101.4%, s = 1.6 vs. 101.1%, s = 1.4 of personal record; P < 0.01) but required a longer taper duration (22.4 days, s = 13.4 vs. 16.4 days, s = 10.3; P < 0.05). The optimal progressive taper led to a better performance only after the overload period (101.5%, s = 1.5; P < 0.001). Negative and positive influences of training were estimated as indicators of fatigue and adaptations to training respectively. During the optimal taper, the negative influence was completely removed, independently of the prior training, whereas the positive influence increased only after overload training. Our computer simulations show that the characteristics of an optimal training reduction in elite athletes depend on the training performed in the weeks prior to a taper.
本研究旨在通过计算机模拟评估精英运动员对减量训练的反应。从8名精英游泳运动员两个赛季的训练和成绩数据中得出了一个非线性模型的参数。对每名游泳运动员而言，模拟成绩与实际成绩之间的拟合具有统计学意义（r(2)=0.56±0.06；P<0.01）。这些模拟用于估计阶梯式和渐进式减量训练的特征，这些特征将在以下两种情况下使成绩最大化：（1）仅在常规训练后；（2）在常规训练中进行28天20%阶梯式增加的超负荷训练后。与无先前超负荷训练相比，阶梯式减量训练的最高成绩更高（分别为个人记录的101.4%，标准差=1.6与101.1%，标准差=1.4；P<0.01），但需要更长的减量持续时间（22.4天，标准差=13.4与16.4天，标准差=10.3；P<0.05）。最佳渐进式减量训练仅在超负荷训练期后带来更好的成绩（101.5%，标准差=1.5；P<0.001）。训练的负面和正面影响分别作为疲劳指标和对训练适应性的指标进行估计。在最佳减量训练期间，负面影响被完全消除，与先前训练无关，而正面影响仅在超负荷训练后增加。我们的计算机模拟表明，精英运动员最佳训练减量的特征取决于减量训练前几周所进行的训练。
