Kinetics of transport and phosphorylation of glucose in cancer cells.

Metabolic control analysis of tumor glycolysis has indicated that hexokinase (HK) and glucose transporter (GLUT) exert the main flux control (71%). To understand why they are the main controlling steps, the GLUT and HK kinetics and the contents of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, HKI, and HKII were analyzed in rat hepatocarcinoma AS-30D and HeLa human cervix cancer. An improved protocol to determine the kinetic parameters of GLUT was developed with D-[2-(3)H-glucose] as physiological substrate. Kinetic analysis revealed two components at low- and high-glucose concentrations in both tumor cells. At low glucose and 37 degrees C, the V(max) was 55 +/- 20 and 17.2 +/- 6 nmol (min x mg protein)(-1), whereas the K(m) was 0.52 +/- 0.7 and 9.3 +/- 3 mM for hepatoma and HeLa cells, respectively. GLUT activity was partially inhibited by cytochalasin B (IC(50) = 0.44 +/- 0.1; K(i) = 0.3 +/- 0.1 microM) and phloretin (IC(50) = 8.7 microM) in AS-30D hepatocarcinoma. At physiological glucose, GLUT1 and GLUT3 were the predominant active isoforms in HeLa cells and AS-30D cells, respectively. HK activity in HeLa cells was much lower (60 mU/mg protein) than that in AS-30D cells (700 mU/mg protein), but both HKs were strongly inhibited by G6P. HKII was the predominant isoform in AS-30D carcinoma and HeLa cells. The much lower GLUT V(max) and catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) values in comparison to those of G6P-sensitive HK suggested the transporter exerts higher control on the glycolytic flux than HK in cancer cells. Thus, GLUT seems a more adequate therapeutic target.