London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
Addiction. 2009 Oct;104(10):1630-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02655.x. Epub 2009 Aug 4.
Russia remains in the grip of a mortality crisis in which alcohol plays a central role. In 2007, male life expectancy at birth was 61 years, while for females it was 74 years. Alcohol is implicated particularly in deaths among working-age men.
To review the current state of knowledge about the contribution of alcohol to the continuing very high mortality seen among Russian adults
Conservative estimates attribute 31-43% of deaths among working-age men to alcohol. This latter estimate would imply a minimum of 170 000 excess deaths due to hazardous alcohol consumption in Russia per year. Men drink appreciably more than women in Russia. Hazardous drinking is most prevalent among people with low levels of education and those who are economically disadvantaged, partly because some of the available sources of ethanol are very cheap and easy to obtain. The best estimates available suggest that per capita consumption among adults is 15-18 litres of pure ethanol per year. However, reliable estimation of the total volume of alcohol consumed per capita in Russia is very difficult because of the diversity of sources of ethanol that are available, for many of which data do not exist. These include both illegal spirits, as well as legal non-beverage alcohols (such as medicinal tinctures). In 2006 regulations were introduced aimed at reducing the production and sale of non-beverage alcohols that are commonly drunk. These appear to have been only partially successful.
There is convincing evidence that alcohol plays an important role in explaining high mortality in Russia, in particular among working age men. However, there remain important uncertainties about the precise scale of the problem and about the health effects of the distinctive pattern of alcohol consumption that is prevalent in Russia today. While there is a need for further research, enough is known to justify the development of a comprehensive inter-sectoral alcohol control strategy. The recent fall in life expectancy in Russia should give a renewed urgency to attempts to move the policy agenda forward.
俄罗斯仍深陷一场以酒精为主要因素的死亡率危机。2007 年，俄罗斯男性的预期寿命为 61 岁，女性为 74 岁。酒精尤其与处于工作年龄的男性的死亡有关。
综述酒精对俄罗斯成年人持续高死亡率的影响的现有知识状况。
保守估计，处于工作年龄的男性中有 31%-43%的死亡归因于酒精。后一估计意味着，由于俄罗斯危险饮酒，每年至少有 170000 人额外死亡。俄罗斯男性饮酒量明显多于女性。在教育程度低和经济贫困的人群中，危险饮酒最为普遍，部分原因是一些可用的乙醇来源非常便宜且易于获取。现有的最佳估计表明，成年人的人均消费为每年 15-18 升纯乙醇。然而，由于可获得的乙醇来源种类繁多，很难可靠估计俄罗斯人均消费的酒精总量，其中许多来源的数据都不存在。这些来源包括非法烈酒以及合法的非饮料酒精（如药用酊剂）。2006 年，出台了旨在减少常见饮用的非饮料酒精生产和销售的法规。这些法规似乎只取得了部分成功。
有确凿证据表明，酒精在解释俄罗斯高死亡率方面发挥了重要作用，特别是在处于工作年龄的男性中。然而，对于问题的准确规模以及在俄罗斯当今普遍存在的独特饮酒模式对健康的影响，仍存在重要的不确定性。尽管需要进一步研究，但已有的知识足以证明制定全面的部门间酒精控制策略是合理的。俄罗斯最近的预期寿命下降应该使人们更加迫切地试图推动政策议程。
