Murillo-Rodríguez Eric, Arias-Carrión Oscar, Sanguino-Rodríguez Katya, González-Arias Mauricio, Haro Reyes
Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Yucatán, México.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Aug;8(4):245-53. doi: 10.2174/187152709788921654.
Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleep-promoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.
睡眠-觉醒周期的调节十分复杂，涉及多个神经回路和多种内源性分子。乙酰胆碱、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、血清素、组胺和下丘脑分泌素等各种神经解剖学和神经化学系统之间的相互作用维持着清醒（W）状态。睡眠起始受睡眠驱动力和昼夜节律波动的相互作用影响，睡眠驱动力会随着清醒时间的延长而稳步增加。位于下丘脑前部的促睡眠神经元释放γ-氨基丁酸（GABA），抑制下丘脑和脑干中促进觉醒的区域，并参与慢波睡眠（SWS）的产生。在快速眼动（REM）睡眠期间，通常在清醒和慢波睡眠期间受到抑制的脑干区域会变得活跃。在这方面，脑干中胆碱能神经元的上行投射激活丘脑，进而增加皮层中神经元的放电。最后，在自然或长时间清醒期间在大脑中积累的促睡眠物质表明睡眠-觉醒周期调节机制存在进一步的复杂性。本综述对我们目前在睡眠研究领域的知识提供了广泛的理解。
