Ultrasonography of the temporomandibular joint: a literature review.

This review summarizes knowledge on the accuracy and clinical usefulness of ultrasonography (US) for the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. A systematic search in the National Library of Medicine's Database was performed to identify all peer-reviewed papers in the English literature that assessed the accuracy of US with respect to magnetic resonance (MR), computerized tomography (CT), clinical assessment or autopsy specimens for the diagnosis of TMJ disk displacement, effusion and osteoarthrosis. The combined search words "ultrasonography" and "temporomandibular joint", "temporomandibular disorders", "effusion", "disk displacement", "condyle", yielded 20 papers. Most studies (N=17) focused on detecting disk displacement, with less emphasis on assessing joint effusion (N=6) and osteoarthrosis (N=7). US accuracy was 54-100% for diagnosing disk displacement, 72-95% for joint effusion and 56-93% for osteoarthrosis. US is operator-dependent. Better standardization of the technique is required and normal parameters must be set. Standardization is also required for the taxonomic aspects of pathologies. Despite these limitations, US remains potentially useful as an alternative imaging technique for monitoring TMJ disorders, particularly the presence of intrarticular effusion.