O'Brien F
Naval Underwater Systems Center, Newport Laboratory, RI.
Percept Mot Skills. 1990 Feb;70(1):3-11. doi: 10.2466/pms.1990.70.1.3.
The classical definition of population density used in social science disciplines as a measure of density or physical crowding has severe shortcomings since actual spatial orientation is disregarded. A formula is proposed to measure physical crowding or population density which corrects the deficiency of the conventional formulation. As a generalization of the Euclidean distance formula, the proposed index measures relative population density as a function of spatial orientation and size of geometric area. Three mathematical properties of the index stated as conjectures have been supported by Monte Carlo simulations. The formula is evaluated and justified on three key scientific criteria: parsimony, mathematical soundness and empirical verifiability. Crowding is an obvious problem in the small compartmentalized workspaces of U.S. Navy nuclear submarines. The measurement of physical crowding by use of the proposed formula in Concepts of Operations Experiments conducted at the Newport Laboratory of the Naval Underwater Systems Center is reported and discussed.
社会科学学科中用于衡量密度或身体拥挤程度的人口密度经典定义存在严重缺陷，因为它忽略了实际的空间方位。本文提出了一个公式来衡量身体拥挤程度或人口密度，该公式纠正了传统公式的不足。作为欧几里得距离公式的推广，所提出的指数将相对人口密度作为空间方位和几何区域大小的函数来进行度量。作为猜想提出的该指数的三个数学性质已得到蒙特卡罗模拟的支持。该公式在三个关键科学标准上进行了评估和论证：简洁性、数学合理性和经验可验证性。在美国海军核潜艇的小型分隔工作空间中，拥挤是一个明显的问题。本文报告并讨论了在海军水下系统中心纽波特实验室进行的作战概念实验中，使用所提出的公式对身体拥挤程度的测量。
