Worchel S, Teddlie C
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1976 Jul;34(1):30-40. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.34.1.30.
It was proposed that the experience of crowding occurs in a two-step process: First, the individual becomes aroused by violations of his personal space, and then he attributes the cause of this arousal to other people in his environment. Based on this model it was predicted that violations of personal space rather than simple density is the spatial variable associated with crowding. Further, it was predicted that the experience of crowding can be alleviated if the individual is distracted from making the attribution that his arousal is caused by other people. In order to test these prediction, interaction distance (close and far) and density (high and low) were varied separately. In addition, for half of the conditions, pictures (attribution inhibitors) were placed on the walls of the experimental room, and in the other half, the walls were bare. Subjects worked on two tasks and were then questioned about their experience of crowding. The results showed that interaction distance was more closely related to crowding than was density and that the addition of pictures reduced the experience of crowding only in the close interaction conditions. The results were interpreted as supporting the attribution analysis of crowding.
有人提出，拥挤体验是一个分两步的过程：首先，个体因个人空间受到侵犯而被唤起，然后他将这种唤起的原因归因于周围环境中的其他人。基于这个模型，可以预测与拥挤相关的空间变量是个人空间的侵犯，而不是简单的密度。此外，还预测如果个体不将自己的唤起归因于他人，拥挤体验就可以得到缓解。为了检验这些预测，分别改变了互动距离（近和远）和密度（高和低）。此外，在一半的条件下，在实验房间的墙上放置了图片（归因抑制剂），而在另一半条件下，墙壁是光秃秃的。受试者完成两项任务，然后被询问他们的拥挤体验。结果表明，互动距离比密度与拥挤的关系更密切，并且只有在近距离互动条件下，添加图片才会减少拥挤体验。这些结果被解释为支持对拥挤的归因分析。
