Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2010;55:461-83. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085419.
Landscape epidemiology describes how the temporal dynamics of host, vector, and pathogen populations interact spatially within a permissive environment to enable transmission. The spatially defined focus, or nidus, of transmission may be characterized by vegetation as well as by climate, latitude, elevation, and geology. The ecological complexity, dimensions, and temporal stability of the nidus are determined largely by pathogen natural history and vector bionomics. Host populations, transmission efficiency, and therefore pathogen amplification vary spatially, thereby creating a heterogeneous surface that may be defined by remote sensing and statistical tools. The current review describes the evolution of landscape epidemiology as a science and exemplifies selected aspects by contrasting the ecology of two different recent disease outbreaks in North America caused by West Nile virus, an explosive, highly virulent mosquito-borne virus producing ephemeral nidi, and Borrelia burgdorferi, a slowly amplifying chronic pathogen producing semipermanent nidi.
景观流行病学描述了宿主、媒介和病原体种群在允许的环境中如何随时间动态地在空间上相互作用，从而实现传播。传播的空间定义焦点或病灶，可能由植被以及气候、纬度、海拔和地质决定。病灶的生态复杂性、维度和时间稳定性在很大程度上取决于病原体的自然史和媒介生物学。宿主种群、传播效率，因此病原体的扩增在空间上存在差异，从而形成了一个由遥感和统计工具定义的异质表面。本综述描述了景观流行病学作为一门科学的发展，并通过对比两种不同的近期北美的疾病暴发（由西尼罗河病毒引起的暴发和由伯氏疏螺旋体引起的慢性疾病）的生态，说明了其选择方面。西尼罗河病毒是一种具有爆炸性、高度毒力的蚊媒病毒，产生短暂的病灶，而伯氏疏螺旋体是一种缓慢扩增的慢性病原体，产生半永久性病灶。
