Hoerr Sharon L, Nicklas Theresa A, Franklin Frank, Liu Yan
Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Oct;109(10):1744-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.07.009.
Diets adequate in calcium and other key nutrients early in life are critical for optimal growth. This study's objective was to determine associations between beverage and dairy food intakes of mothers and their young children and food/beverage contributions to calcium at dinner meals from ethnically diverse families with limited incomes. This was a secondary analysis of dietary data on mother-child dyads from a cross-sectional study. The sample was 465 children (4.4+/-0.6 years) and their mothers, 41% African American, 34% Hispanic, and 21% white. Dietary and anthropometric data were collected in 52 Head Start centers in Alabama and Texas during 1 year starting fall 2004. Associations between mother-child intakes were examined by race/ethnicity using correlations. Calcium intake from dinners was predicted (stepwise regression) from four beverage categories-milk, sweetened beverages, 100% fruit juices, and non-energy-containing beverages plus water-and from cheese and dairy desserts. Overall, the mother's dinnertime intake of milk did not predict that of her child. Mother-child intakes of cheese, dairy desserts, and sweetened beverages correlated more strongly than did milk. All the beverages and dairy groups demonstrated moderate correlations for dyads with those for cheese (r=0.56), dairy desserts (r=0.39), fruit juice (r=0.36), and sweetened beverages (r=0.31) higher than that for milk overall (r=0.29, P<0.01). Milk and cheese predicted the most variance in calcium intake for both mothers and children overall (R(2)=0.82), and for all race-ethnic groups, except African-American children, where the contribution from cheese predominated. Food and nutrition professionals should encourage replacing sweet beverages at dinner with low-fat milk or calcium-fortified beverages to improve the nutrient density of meals.
生命早期摄入充足的钙和其他关键营养素对最佳生长至关重要。本研究的目的是确定收入有限的不同种族家庭中母亲及其幼儿的饮料和乳制品摄入量与晚餐食物/饮料中钙的贡献之间的关联。这是一项对横断面研究中母婴二元组饮食数据的二次分析。样本包括465名儿童（4.4±0.6岁）及其母亲，其中41%为非裔美国人，34%为西班牙裔，21%为白人。2004年秋季开始的1年时间里，在阿拉巴马州和德克萨斯州的52个启智中心收集了饮食和人体测量数据。通过相关性分析按种族/民族检查母婴摄入量之间的关联。根据四类饮料——牛奶、甜味饮料、100%果汁、不含能量的饮料加水——以及奶酪和乳制品甜点，预测晚餐时的钙摄入量（逐步回归）。总体而言，母亲晚餐时的牛奶摄入量并不能预测其孩子的摄入量。母婴对奶酪、乳制品甜点和甜味饮料摄入量的相关性比牛奶更强。所有饮料和乳制品组与奶酪（r = 0.56）、乳制品甜点（r = 0.39）、果汁（r = 0.36）和甜味饮料（r = 0.31）的二元组相关性适中，高于总体牛奶的相关性（r = 0.29，P<0.01）。牛奶和奶酪总体上预测了母亲和孩子钙摄入量的最大差异（R(2)=0.82），除了非裔美国儿童外，所有种族/民族组中奶酪的贡献占主导地位。食品和营养专业人员应鼓励用低脂牛奶或强化钙饮料替代晚餐时的甜味饮料，以提高膳食的营养密度。
