Liberman Varda, Boehm Julia K, Lyubomirsky Sonja, Ross Lee D
Business School, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel.
Emotion. 2009 Oct;9(5):666-80. doi: 10.1037/a0016816.
Three studies (two conducted in Israel and one in the United States) examined associations between self-rated dispositional happiness and tendencies to treat memories of positive and negative events as sources of enhanced or attenuated happiness through the use of "endowment" and "contrast." Although participants generally endorsed items describing happiness-enhancing tendencies more than happiness-diminishing ones, self-reported happiness was associated with greater endorsement of "positive endowment" items and less endorsement of "negative endowment" items, and also with less endorsement of items that involved contrasting the present with happier times in the past. Only in the American sample, however, was happiness associated with greater endorsement of items that involved contrasting the present with less happy times in the past. These data suggest that relatively unhappy people show somewhat conflicting memorial tendencies vis-à-vis happiness, whereas very happy people show simpler, and less conflicting, tendencies. These findings augment the existing literatures on the affective consequences of memory, which have been concerned more with mood than with temperament and/or have dealt only with a subset of the endowment and contrast tendencies explored in the present work.
三项研究（两项在以色列进行，一项在美国进行）通过“禀赋”和“对比”，考察了自评性向幸福感与将积极和消极事件的记忆视为增强或减弱幸福感来源的倾向之间的关联。尽管参与者普遍对描述增强幸福感倾向的项目的认同度高于减弱幸福感倾向的项目，但自我报告的幸福感与对“积极禀赋”项目的更高认同度、对“消极禀赋”项目的更低认同度相关，也与涉及将当下与过去更幸福时光进行对比的项目的更低认同度相关。然而，只有在美国样本中，幸福感才与涉及将当下与过去不那么幸福时光进行对比的项目的更高认同度相关。这些数据表明，相对不幸福的人在与幸福感相关的记忆倾向方面表现出一定程度的冲突，而非常幸福的人则表现出更简单、冲突更少的倾向。这些发现丰富了现有的关于记忆情感后果的文献，这些文献更多地关注情绪而非气质，和/或只涉及了本研究中探索的禀赋和对比倾向的一个子集。
