Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Adhes Dent. 2009 Oct;11(5):381-90.
The objectives of this study were to compare the bond strength of a stainless steel orthodontic wire vs various fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) used as orthodontic retainers on enamel, analyze the failure types after debonding, and investigate the influence of different application procedures of stainless steel wires on bond strength.
Caries-free, intact human mandibular incisors (N = 80, n = 10 per group) were selected and randomly distributed into 8 groups. After etching with 37% H3PO4 for 30 s, rinsing and drying, bonding agent (Stick Resin) was applied and light polymerized. Then one of the following FRC materials was applied on the flowable composite (Stick Flow) using standard molds: group 1: Angelus Fibrex Ribbon; group 2: DentaPreg Splint; group 3: ever-Stick Ortho; group 4: Ribbond. In group 5, Quad Cat Wire was applied in the same manner as in FRC groups. In group 6, after applying bonding agent (Stick Resin), Quad Cat Wire was placed directly on the tooth surface and covered with Stick Flow composite. In group 7, after bonding agent (Heliobond) was applied, Quad Cat Wire was placed directly on the tooth surface and covered with Tetric Flow composite. In group 8, after applying bonding agent (Heliobond) and polymerization, Tetric Flow composite was applied, not polymerized, and Quad Cat Wire was placed and covered with Tetric Flow again. Specimens were thermocycled for 6000 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C and loaded in a universal testing machine under shear stress (crosshead speed: 1 mm/min) until debonding occurred. The failure sites were examined under an optical light microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer adjustment test (alpha = 0.05).
Significant differences were found between the groups (p = 0.0011) (ANOVA). Bond strength results did not significantly differ either between the FRC groups (groups 1 to 4) (6.1 +/- 2.5 to 8.4 +/- 3.7 MPa) (p > 0.05) or the wire groups (groups 5 to 8) (10.6 +/- 3.8 to 14 +/- 6.7 MPa) (p > 0.05). Failure types varied within the FRC groups, but mainly composite was found left adhered on the enamel surface at varying degrees. In the stainless steel wire groups, when the retainer was applied onto the bonding agent and then covered with flowable resin, partially attached composite on the enamel was often found after debonding. When the wires were embedded in the flowable composite, the Heliobond group (group 8) showed more adhesive failures between the enamel and the composite compared to group 5, where the bonding agent was Stick Resin.
Regardless of their application mode, stainless steel orthodontic bonded retainers delivered higher bond strengths than those of fiber retainers. The differences were statistically significant compared to those of Angelus Fibrex Ribbon and DentaPreg Splint.
本研究的目的是比较不锈钢正畸丝与各种纤维增强复合材料（FRC）作为正畸保持器在釉质上的粘结强度，分析离断后的失效类型，并研究不锈钢丝不同应用程序对粘结强度的影响。
选择无龋、完整的下颌切牙（N = 80，每组 n = 10），并随机分为 8 组。用 37% H3PO4 酸蚀 30 秒，冲洗并干燥后，应用粘结剂（Stick Resin）并进行光聚合。然后，在流动复合树脂（Stick Flow）上应用以下 FRC 材料之一：第 1 组：Angelus Fibrex Ribbon；第 2 组：DentaPreg Splint；第 3 组：ever-Stick Ortho；第 4 组：Ribbond。在第 5 组中，以与 FRC 组相同的方式应用 Quad Cat Wire。在第 6 组中，应用粘结剂（Stick Resin）后，将 Quad Cat Wire 直接放置在牙齿表面并用 Stick Flow 复合树脂覆盖。在第 7 组中，应用粘结剂（Heliobond）后，将 Quad Cat Wire 直接放置在牙齿表面并用 Tetric Flow 复合树脂覆盖。在第 8 组中，在应用粘结剂（Heliobond）和聚合后，应用 Tetric Flow 复合树脂，未聚合，然后再次放置和覆盖 Quad Cat Wire。将标本在 5 度 C 和 55 度 C 之间进行 6000 次热循环，然后在万能试验机上以剪切应力（十字头速度：1mm/min）加载，直到发生离断。在光学显微镜下检查失效部位。使用单因素方差分析和 Tukey-Kramer 调整检验（alpha = 0.05）对数据进行分析。
各组之间存在显著差异（p = 0.0011）（方差分析）。FRC 组（第 1 组至第 4 组）（6.1+/-2.5 至 8.4+/-3.7 MPa）（p>0.05）或钢丝组（第 5 组至第 8 组）（10.6+/-3.8 至 14+/-6.7 MPa）（p>0.05）之间的粘结强度结果也无显著差异。FRC 组内的失效类型有所不同，但主要是复合树脂在不同程度上仍粘附在釉质表面。在不锈钢丝组中，当保持器应用于粘结剂上，然后用流动树脂覆盖时，离断后经常发现部分复合树脂粘附在釉质上。当将钢丝嵌入流动复合树脂中时，与第 5 组（粘结剂为 Stick Resin）相比，Heliobond 组（第 8 组）显示出更多的牙釉质与复合树脂之间的粘结性失效。
无论其应用方式如何，不锈钢正畸粘结保持器的粘结强度均高于纤维保持器。与 Angelus Fibrex Ribbon 和 DentaPreg Splint 相比，差异具有统计学意义。
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