Personality--a resource or risk for successful development.

Personality as a resource or risk for development was discussed in the light of the results of the ongoing Finnish Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (FJYLS) which the author has conducted since 1968 when the participants (N = 369, b. 1959) were 8 years of age. A general hypothesis presented within a two-dimensional framework of self-control and activity was that the child's high self-control of emotions and behavior would be associated with adaptive behavior in adulthood. The results have provided evidence in support for and limitations to the hypothesis. High self-control was a resource and low self-control was a risk for development, but there were gender differences that came out consistently in variable-oriented and person-oriented analyses. A resource factor for male adult social functioning was, compared to females, a broader construct of self-control in childhood covering both more passive (compliant) and active (constructive) behavior; only active well-controlled (constructive) behavior was a resource for female functioning. A risk factor for female functioning was low self-control combined with passivity (internalizing behavior), whereas low self-control combined with activity (externalizing behavior) was a risk factor for male functioning. Childhood self-control was not directly associated with adult psychological functioning such as well-being but indirectly through social functioning such as career development. Low self-control in childhood was an antecedent of criminal behavior but only for those male offenders who committed offences in adulthood, not for those who had limited their offending to adolescence.