McBurney Donald H, Balaban Carey D
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2009 Nov;71(8):1941-61. doi: 10.3758/APP.71.8.1941.
Adaptation is a universal process in organisms as diverse as bacteria and humans, and across the various senses. This article proposes a simple, heuristic, mathematical model containing tonic and phasic processes. The model demonstrates properties not commonly associated with adaptation, such as increased sensitivity to changes, range shifting, and phase lead. Changes in only four parameters permit the model to predict empirical psychophysical data from different senses. The relatively prolonged time courses of responses to oral and topical capsaicin are used to illustrate and validate this mathematical modeling approach for different stimulus profiles. Other examples of phenomena elucidated by this modeling approach include the time courses of taste sensation, brightness perception, loudness perception, cross-adaptation to oral irritants, and cutaneous mechanoreception. It also predicts such apparently unrelated phenomena as perceived alcohol intoxication, habituation, and drug tolerance. Because the integration of phasic and tonic components is a conservative, highly efficacious solution to a ubiquitous biological challenge, sensory adaptation is seen as an evolutionary adaptation, and as a prominent feature of Mother Nature's small bag of tricks.
适应是从细菌到人类等各种生物以及各种感官中普遍存在的过程。本文提出了一个简单的、启发式的数学模型，该模型包含紧张性和相位性过程。该模型展示了一些通常与适应无关的特性，如对变化的敏感性增加、范围转移和相位超前。仅四个参数的变化就使该模型能够预测来自不同感官的经验性心理物理学数据。对口服和局部辣椒素反应的相对较长时间过程被用于说明和验证这种针对不同刺激特征的数学建模方法。这种建模方法所阐明的其他现象实例包括味觉感受、亮度感知、响度感知、对口部刺激物的交叉适应以及皮肤机械感受的时间过程。它还能预测诸如感知到的酒精中毒、习惯化和药物耐受性等明显不相关的现象。由于相位性和紧张性成分的整合是对一个普遍存在的生物学挑战的保守且高效的解决方案，所以感觉适应被视为一种进化适应，也是大自然少量技巧中的一个突出特征。
