Papadopoulou Foteini, Efthimiou Elias
Endocrinology Clinic, Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Hell J Nucl Med. 2009 Sep-Dec;12(3):266-70.
It has been known for 50 years that thyroid exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation in childhood and adolescence induces an appreciable cancer risk. Epidemiological studies in children treated with external radiotherapy for benign or malignant lesions in the head and neck have also shown the induction of thyroid cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the risk for developing thyroid cancer due to the Chernobyl accident is greatest in newborns and children below the age of 5, less in adolescents and negligible in adults. As reported, during the first 15 years after the accident, the increase in thyroid cancer cases in Belarus was 87.8 fold in children, 12.7 fold in adolescents and 4.5 fold in adults more than expected. Papillary thyroid cancer with a relative risk incidence of approximately 80% per se is typical in childhood and adolescence. We refer to the differences between adult and childhood papillary thyroid cancers. Gene mutations in thyroid tumors induced after Chernobyl accident have been studied extensively. The treatment comprises thyroid surgery, suppressive doses of thyroxine and radioiodine. It is noteworthy that the thyroid gland can be protected from the intake of radioactive iodine by oral administration of potassium iodide.
五十年来，人们已经知道儿童和青少年时期甲状腺暴露于高剂量电离辐射会引发相当大的癌症风险。对头颈部良性或恶性病变进行体外放射治疗的儿童的流行病学研究也表明会诱发甲状腺癌。世界卫生组织（WHO）报告称，切尔诺贝利事故导致的患甲状腺癌风险在新生儿和5岁以下儿童中最高，在青少年中较低，在成年人中可忽略不计。据报道，事故发生后的头15年里，白俄罗斯儿童甲状腺癌病例增加了87.8倍，青少年增加了12.7倍，成年人增加了4.5倍，均高于预期。本身相对风险发生率约为80%的乳头状甲状腺癌在儿童和青少年时期很典型。我们提及成人和儿童乳头状甲状腺癌之间的差异。切尔诺贝利事故后诱发的甲状腺肿瘤中的基因突变已得到广泛研究。治疗包括甲状腺手术、抑制剂量的甲状腺素和放射性碘。值得注意的是，口服碘化钾可保护甲状腺免受放射性碘的摄入。
