Hämäläinen Olavi
Kilpitie 17, 02610 Espoo, Finland.
Int J Psychoanal. 2009 Dec;90(6):1277-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2009.00199.x.
What is internal and what is external according to psychoanalytic theory? This is a surprisingly complicated question. The terminology is often ambiguous and inconsistent as, for instance, in the use of terms like 'object' and 'other'. The relationship between internal and external in psychoanalysis is analysed from a philosophical, concept analytical, developmental psychological, methodological and trauma versus internal dynamics point of view. It is argued that psychoanalytical writing is influenced by the authors' need to create their personal psychoanalytic theory and language. This is seen as one of the main reasons for the terminological variety and ambiguity in psychoanalytic writing. It is also argued that one particular reason for difficulties concerning the internal-external terminology is the existential anxiety awakened by the threat of the essential aloneness of man. The consciousness of this has a tendency to fade and lead to unclear terminology. The importance of the transitional world as a resting place from the hard reality of this essential aloneness is emphasized. The transitional world is also seen as a necessary part of psychoanalytical practice, as an aid in striving for the truth and reality, important goals of psychoanalysis.
根据精神分析理论，什么是内在的，什么是外在的？这是一个出奇复杂的问题。该术语常常含混不清且前后矛盾，例如在“客体”和“他者”等术语的使用上。精神分析中内在与外在的关系是从哲学、概念分析、发展心理学、方法论以及创伤与内在动力的角度来分析的。有人认为，精神分析著作受到作者创建其个人精神分析理论和语言的需求的影响。这被视为精神分析著作中术语多样且含混的主要原因之一。还有人认为，内在—外在术语存在困难的一个特殊原因是人类本质上的孤独所带来的威胁引发的生存焦虑。对此的意识有淡化的倾向，进而导致术语不清晰。强调了过渡世界作为摆脱这种本质孤独的严酷现实的一个栖息之所的重要性。过渡世界也被视为精神分析实践的一个必要部分，是追求精神分析的重要目标——真理和现实的一种助力。
